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GCSE biology paper 1 > Microscopes and cells > Flashcards

Microscopes and cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What does an enlarged Image of a specimen allow us to do?

A

See tiny structures otherwise too small to view

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2
Q

What is the maximum magnification on a light microscope?

A

X1500

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3
Q

What does an electron microscope use instead of a beam of light?

A

A beam of electrons, in a vacuum, which is focused with magnets

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4
Q

What has a greater resolution an electron microscope or a light microscope?

A

An electron microscope

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5
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish two points as separate from each other

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6
Q

What is the maximum magnification of an electron microscope?

A

X2,000 000

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7
Q

Why do we use iodine when viewing onion epidermis (skin)?

A

To make the cell wall, nucleus and starch grains show up

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8
Q

How to view a slide:

A
  1. Place slide on stage clips, specimen must be over a hole
  2. Turn lense to smallest magnification objective lens (eg x4) click in place
  3. Turn light on and look down the eyepiece lens
  4. Turn focusing knobs (course first then fine) to make the image clear
  5. Rotate lenses to next objective lens (eg x10)
  6. Use fine focus knob if image is not clear
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9
Q

How do work out the total magnification?

A

Total magnification=objective lens magnification X eyepiece lens magnification

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10
Q

How do you work out the image size?

A

Image size=actual size X magnification

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11
Q

A scale bar is sometimes next to the drawing. How do you work out the magnification?

A

Magnification=actual length of scale bar on the page ➗ length the scale bar represents

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12
Q

What might you have to do to the units first?

A

Convert them because the units must agree

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13
Q

What is an electron Microscope and a light microscopes resolving power

A

O.5 nm and 200nm

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14
Q

What characteristics does a white blood cell have?

A

Can change shape, large nucleus, fight pathogens (illness)

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15
Q

What characteristics does a red blood cell have?

A

Haemoglobin (red pigment - carries O2) , no nucleus

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16
Q

What characteristics does a surface skin cell have?

A

Quite flat, packed together

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17
Q

What characteristics does a bone cell have?

A

They have brunches (used to make a hard substance - has calcium)

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18
Q

What characteristics does a columnar epithelial and goblet cell have?

A

(From the windpipe) mucus traps pathogens (illness) cilia ,I’ve the mus us away from the lungs

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19
Q

What characteristics does a cardiac muscle cell have?

A

Heart - keeps you alive, muscle fibres

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20
Q

What characteristics does a skeletal muscle cell have?

A

Stripes - myo-fibres

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21
Q

What characteristics does a neuron have?

A

Dendrites, nucleus, cell membrane, axon, monitor end plate, cell body mitochondria plus ribosomes, has many cytoplasm

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22
Q

What characteristics does a smooth muscle cell?

A

Wall of organs expand, gut, stomach, bladder, can’t control them

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23
Q

What characteristics does a sperm cell have?

A

Nucleus, haploid- 23 chromosomes - 1 set, acrosome ( enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg, tail (flagellum), mitochondria (releases a lot of energy to help the sperm swim

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24
Q

What characteristics does an egg cell (ovum) have?

A

Cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus and nuclear membrane, 23 chromosomes

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25
Q

What characteristics does a ciliates epithelial cell have?

A

Cilia, basement membrane, goblet cell, mucus

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26
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Make proteins

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27
Q

What do cell membranes do?

A

Controls what goes in and out if the cells

28
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Controls the cells activity, DNZ

29
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

Where all the chemical reactions happen

30
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Aerobic respiration happens there, creates energy

31
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Supports and protects the cell against microorganisms

32
Q

What does the vacuole do on the plant cell?

A

Stores the cells sap

33
Q

What do the chloroplasts do?

A

Makes the cell green and turns the enrgy from the sun into glucose, photosynthesis

34
Q

What don’t prokaryotic cells have?

A

Membrane bound organelles, a nucleus

35
Q

What is one this a eukaryotic cell has?

A

membrane bound organelles

36
Q

What are 3 safety precautions when viewing a slide?

A

You should wear goggles because the chemicals can go in your eyes
The slides are sharpe so you can cut yourself if your not careful
Wash your hands if the get chemicals on them

37
Q

Why should you dispose of animals cells in disinfectant?

A

Because you could have infections it can stop it spreading

38
Q

Why do you use stain when viewing a slide?

A

It’s so the cell shows up because part of the cell is transparent

39
Q

Why does a light microscope use a beam of light and glass lenses?

A

To produce an enlarged, or magnified image of a specimen

40
Q

Give an advantage of an electron microscope

A

Has a greater resolution and magnification

41
Q

What does resolution mean?

A

The ability to distinguish between two points

42
Q

Why can some structures in cells only be seen with an electron microscope?

A

They are very small

43
Q

How do we calculate total magnification?

A

Eyepiece lens ✖️ objective lens

44
Q

What is the equation for working out actual size?

A

Image size ➗ magnification

45
Q

What comes next: milli, micro, ………..

A

Nano

46
Q

If 10 to the power of -3 means millimetre, what does X10 to the power of -6 mean?

A

Micrometer

47
Q

What are all living things made from?

A

Cells

48
Q

What is the job of the cell membrane?

A

To control what goes in and out of the cell

49
Q

What process happens in the mitochondria?

A

Aerobic respiration

50
Q

Where in a cell would you find chromosomes?

A

In the nucleus

51
Q

Name 3 structure present in a plant cell but not in an animal cell.

A

Chloroplast, vacuole, cell wall

52
Q

What is the job of a cell wall?

A

To support the cell

53
Q

What is the job of the chloroplasts?

A

To trap sunlight energy and carry out photosynthesis

54
Q

What is the job of a flagellum in a bacterial cell?

A

It rotates to propel it along/move

55
Q

What two types of DNA do bacterial cells have?

A

Chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNZ (circular)

56
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

Having the full set of chromosomes, 46 in a human

57
Q

Why do human sperm cells only have 23 chromosomes?

A

As it will fuse with an egg cell with 23 to make 46 chromosomes

58
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

Half the full set of chromosomes I.e 23 in humans

59
Q

Which cells are haploid?

A

Gametes/sperm and egg cells

60
Q

Why does an egg cell have a lot of cytoplasm?

A

To nourish the developing embryo

61
Q

What is the job of a sperm cell?

A

To swim to and fertilise and egg cells to join their DNA

62
Q

What is an acrosome for in a sperm cell?

A

Contains enzymes to penetrate the egg cell membrane

63
Q

Why do sperm cells need a lot of mitochondria?

A

To make energy to swim

64
Q

Which cells waft mucus along in the airways?

A

Ciliated epithelial cells

65
Q

Why are bacterial cells described as prokaryotic?

A

They don’t have a nucleus

66
Q

In a cell what do ribosomes do?

A

Make proteins

67
Q

Why are animal and plant cells described as eukaryotic?

A

They have a nucleus

GCSE biology paper 1 (3 decks)

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