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Cytogenetics Exam Prep > Microscope, Photography and Darkroom > Flashcards

Microscope, Photography and Darkroom Flashcards

1
Q

When observing a metaphase with a 10X objective, the image is clear. When a 100X
coverslip corrected oil lens is used, the image is not clear. What is the problem?

 A.  There is oil on the slide.	
 B.  There is a coverslip on the slide.	
 	 C.  The slide is upside down.	
 D.  The objective is damaged.
A

C

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2
Q

In the culture of CVS it is essential to remove all maternal decidua tissue. Which microscope
would you use?

 A.  Brightfield Microscope	
 B.  Inverted Microsope	
 C.  Fluorescent Microscope	
 	 D.  Stereomicrosope
A

D

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3
Q

Unstained slides need to be checked by:

 A.  Brightfield microscope	
 	 B.  Phase microscope	
 C.  Fluorescent scope	
 D.  Darkfield microscope
A

B

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4
Q

The optimal objective for photography is:

A. Planapochromatic 

 B.  Apochromatic	
 C.  Acromatic	
 D.  Planacromatic
A

A

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5
Q

Why is an inverted scope used to view flask cultures?

 A.  Because the condenser is under the stage	
 B.  The light is coming from top	
 	 C.  The objective is under what is being viewed	
 D.  It has greater resolution
A

C

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6
Q

What compression standard is used to maintain image quality while reducing image file size?

 A.  TIFF	
 B.  BMP	
 	 C.  JPEG	
 D.  PIC
A

C

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7
Q

If you are editing a digital image, the smallest area you can change is:

 A.  A frame	
 	 B.  A pixel	
 C.  A bit map	
 D.  A vector
A

B

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8
Q

A grid formed by an array of pixels is also called:

 A.  A graphic	
 B.  Bit depth	
 C.  A vector map	
 	 D.  A bit map
A

D

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9
Q

How many levels of brightness are ther in a 8-bit scale image?

 A.  8	
 B.  64	
 	 C.  256	
 D.  16.7 million
A

C

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10
Q

When imaging on the microscope, it is important to focus the condenser at least every time you change slides.

A. True . 

 B.  False .
A

A

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11
Q

How would you adjust the brightness of a microscope?

 A.  Open the iris diaphragm as far as possible	
 B.  Adjust the regulating transformer or add filters	
 C.  Close the iris diaphragm so that 2/3 to 3/4 of the area is illuminated	
 	 D.  Open the field diaphragm until the edges are out of the field
A

B

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12
Q

The function of the numerical aperture of a lens is:

A. An index of its light gathering capacity 

 B.  The magnifying power of the lens	
 C.  Its ability to discern detail of a specimen	
 D.  all of the above
A

A

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13
Q

In what way is apochromatic objectives superior to achromatic objectives?

 A.  Correct for two colors and have a high numerical aperture.	
 	 B.  Correct for three colors and have a high numerical aperture.	
 C.  Are corrected for flat field.	
 D.  Are used for fluorescent microscopy
A

B

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14
Q

What is the purpose of Koehler illumination?

 A.  Producing even illumination of the specimen using small uneven light sources	
 B.  Observing unstained slides	
 C.  Decreasing the light when photographing banded chromosomes	
 	 D.  None of the above
A

A

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15
Q

Fluorescence can be caused by what light source?

 A.  Soft light lamps	
 B.  High-wattage halogen tungsten lamps	
 	 C.  Mercury vapor lamps	
 D.  All of the above
A

C

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16
Q

Resolution of image analysis systems are determined by:

 A.  brightness	
 B.  pixels	
 	 C.  matrix size	
 D.  pattern recognition
A

C

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17
Q

In order to correctly separate the chromosomes from the background, the operator uses:

 A.  archiving	
 	 B.  thresholding	
 C.  ranking	
 D.  a CCD camera
A

B

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18
Q

When capturing images for FISH the three primary colors encoded are:

A. Red, green, blue 

 B.  Red, blue, yellow	
 C.  Cyan, red, yellow	
 D.  Cyan, magenta, green
A

A

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19
Q

To AVOID empty magnification, the total magnification seen by the eye should:

 A.  Equal the tube length divided by the focal length.	
 B.  Not exceed 1500X the N.A. of the objective	
 	 C.  Not exceed 1000X the N.A. of the objective	
 D.  Equal the numerical aperture of the objective	
 E.  Equal the focal length times the numerical aperture.
A

C

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20
Q

Which of the following components of a standard brightfield microscope can be used to manipulate contrast?

 A.  The filters located within the base of the microscope.	
 	 B.  The aperture diaphragm located within the condenser.	
 C.  The field stop diaphragm located at the base of the microscope.	
 D.  both a and b	
 E.  all of the above
A

D

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21
Q

Various types of objectives can be used in the photographing of banded chromosomes. However, for optimal results objectives must correct for multiple wavelengths of light, curvature of field and have a high numerical aperture. If you were going to photograph a metaphase plate which of the following objectives would give the best result?

 A.  PlanApo 10/0.45	
 	 B.  PlanApo 100/1.4 Oil 160/0.17	
 C.  Plan 100 NCG 0.90 Dry 160/0	
 D.  Plan Apo 100/1.32 Oil 160/0.17
A

B

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22
Q

The color spectrum is produced by variation in:

A. Wavelengths of light 

 B.  Brightness	
 C.  Absorption	
 D.  Color gamut
A

A

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23
Q

When light strikes an object, it may be:

 A.  Reflected	
 B.  Transmited	
 C.  Absorbed	
 	 D.  All of the above
A

D

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24
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the CCD camera?

 A.  Capturing light	
 	 B.  Storing pixel data	
 C.  Controlling the resolution of the image	
 D.  Determination of matrix size based on the number of photo cells
A

B

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25
Q

The main reason printed pictures may look different than they do on a computer monitor is:

 A.  Printed pictures are usually made using heavy photo inkjet papers	
 B.  Computer software can distort pictures displayed on a computer monitor	
 C.  Printers and monitors use different methods to create a picture including differences in the basic colors used and how they are viewed by the eye	
 	 D.  All of the above
A

C

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26
Q

How does a CCD create pixels?

A. Using a grid of photo cells that sense light intensity 

 B.  Scanning line by line	
 C.  Scanning every other line	
 D.  Converting electrical signals into light
A

A

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27
Q

Dynamic range determines the ability of a camera to capture

 A.  Detail	
 	 B.  Brightness	
 C.  Color	
 D.  Size
A

B

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28
Q

A histogram is useful during image enhancement because it shows:

A. The number of pixels in each gray level from highlights to shadows 

 B.  Colors in the image	
 C.  Compression ratio	
 D.  The image file name
A

A

29
Q

Under low power an image is clear, but when switching to oil, you cannot focus the slide. You take a second slide but are now able to focus under oil again. What do you suspect is wrong with the first slide and why?

 A.  The wrong oil was used.	
 B.  The slide was not cleaned properly.	
 	 C.  The wrong thickness of coverslip was used.	
 D.  all of the above
A

C

30
Q

The primary image of the object is magnified by the eyepiece.

A. True . 

 B.  False .
A

A

31
Q

The aperture diaphragm and the field stop diaphragm serve the exact same functions.

 A.  True .	
 	 B.  False .
A

B

32
Q

The field and aperture diaphragms are used to control brightness.

A. True . 

 B.  False .
A

B

33
Q

The magnification of an object is measured by its numerical aperture.

 A.  True .	
 	 B.  False .
A

B

34
Q

The ability of an objective to bring different wavelengths of light to a common focus and the numerical aperature of an objective determine the resolution of that objective.

A. True . 

 B.  False .
A

A

35
Q

Apochromatic lenses are not as good as achromatic lenses.

 A.  True .	
 	 B.  False .
A

B

36
Q

The tube length and focal length are used to determine the magnfication.

 A.  True .	
 	 B.  False .
A

A

37
Q

Opening the condenser aperture diaphragm up completely will ensure the best resolution.

A. True . 

 B.  False .
A

A

38
Q

Centering and focusing the light source for the maximum image quality and highest resolution is called Koehlers illumination.

A. True . 

 B.  False .
A

A

39
Q

For bright field microscopy, the refractive index of crown glass, used in microscope lenses, is 1.515; therefore, mineral oil, with a refractive index of 1.460 would make suitable immersion oil.

 A.  True .	
 	 B.  False .
A

B

40
Q

The use of a reflecting filter in addition to the exciter and barrier filters used for transmitted fluorescence is required for epifluorescence.

A. True . 

 B.  False .
A

A

41
Q

What is the total magnification if using a 10X objective and a 10X ocular?

 A.  10	
 	 B.  100	
 C.  20	
 D.  1000
A

B

42
Q

Which focus knob provides a sharper image?

A. Fine 

 B.  Stage	
 C.  Course	
 D.  Arm
A

A

43
Q

One should not use the aperture diaphragm to:

 A.  Improve contrast	
 B.  Decrease resolution	
 C.  Control brightness of light	
 	 D.  Change magnification
A

C

44
Q

For photomicrography of chromosomes, I want the best resolution possible, therefore I will always use:

A. An objective with a N.A. of 1.3 to 1.4 

 B.  Coverslips with a thickness of 0.20 microns	
 C.  Planachromats	
 D.  A low numerical aperture condenser	
 E.  The field diaphragm to increase image contrast
A

A

45
Q

What happens to the working distance as the power of the objective lens increases?

A. The working distance gets smaller 

 B.  The working distance gets larger
A

A

46
Q

An increase in magnification calls for an increase in the amount of light passing through the specimen.

 A.  True .	
 	 B.  False .
A

A

47
Q

Microscopes that are _________ will remain nearly focused after the low-power objective lens is changed to the high-power objective lens.

 A.  Monocular	
 B.  Parcentered	
 	 C.  Parfocal	
 D.  Properly adjusted
A

C

48
Q

Koehler illumination should be performed daily to observe chromosomes under the microscope. Which of the following best describes the process of Koehler illumination?

 A.  The process of adjusting the light gathering capacity of an objective or condenser.	
 	 B.  The process of centering the light source and spreading the light uniformly over the field of view.	
 C.  The process of adjusting the condenser aperture diaphragm in order to obtain the proper amount of contrast and resolution.	
 D.  The calculation of the total magnification and its comparison to the numerical aperture of the objective in order to prevent empty magnification.
A

B

49
Q

An objective has the following information inscribed on its surface - Plan 100 NCG 0.90 Dry 160/0 - Using this information, what is the numerical aperture of this objective?

 A.  100	
 B.  160	
 C.  undetermined	
 	 D.  0.90
A

D

50
Q

The total magnification seen by a microscopist is determined by:

A. The magnification of the objective times the magnification of the ocular. 

 B.  The tube length divided by the numerical aperture of the objective.	
 C.  The numerical aperture of the objective.	
 D.  The focal length times the numerical aperture.
A

A

51
Q

Achromats are inferior to Planapochromatic objectives in that they:

A. Correct for two colors and have a low numerical aperture. 

 B.  Correct for three colors and have a low numerical aperture	
 C.  Correct for two colors, have a high numerical aperture, and correct for curvature of field.	
 D.  Correct for three colors, have a high numerical aperture, and correct for curvature of field.
A

A

52
Q

At high power, always use which adjustment knob to focus the image?

A. Fine 

 B.  Coarse	
 C.  Diaphragm	
 D.  It doesn't matter
A

A

53
Q

Each unit of a screen image is called:

A. a pixel 

 B.  a matrix	
 C.  a threshold unit	
 D.  none of the above
A

A

54
Q

The light histogram displayed on the monitors of an automated karyotyping system is used to:

 A.  Achieve optimal light intensity for the metaphase being captured.	
 B.  Set the threshold which directly affects the contrast of the image (A and B values).	
 C.  Enhance the image by selecting the values above and below which a pixel will be either white or black.	
 	 D.  all of the above
A

D

55
Q

Due to the increased gray level of most low-price-ranged video cameras, a cytogeneticist using automated karyotyping systems must use the microscope to help increase the contrast of the computer image. This increase in contrast can be achieved by:

 A.  Closing down the field stop diaphragm	
 B.  Turning down the light intensity	
 	 C.  Closing down the condenser diaphragm while at the same time increasing the light intensity.	
 D.  all of the above
A

C

56
Q

In order to achieve a photographic image of optimal quality and sharp focus a photomicroscopist should complete this step before all others:

A. Center the light source by using the Koehler illumination procedure 

 B.  Adjust the crosshairs	
 C.  Close the condenser diaphragm	
 D.  Check the ASA setting of the camera
A

A

57
Q

Green filters are used in the photography of black and white film in cytogenetic laboratories. These filters serve various purposes. Of those listed, which is the most important for the cytogeneticist?

 A.  To adjust the color balance of light	
 B.  To absorb heat	
 C.  To reduce the light intensity	
 	 D.  To increase contrast
A

D

58
Q

Which objective provides the greatest depth of field?

 A.  High	
 B.  100X	
 	 C.  Low	
 D.  This depends on if the specimen is stained
A

C

59
Q

Which objective provides the greatest field of view?

 A.  High	
 B.  100X	
 	 C.  Low	
 D.  This depends on if the specimen is stained
A

C

60
Q

Resolution in a microscope is primarily determined by which lens?

	 A.  Ocular	
	 B.  Condenser	
 	 C.  Objective	
	 D.  projector	
	 E.  Imtermediate
A

C

61
Q

After Koehler illumination has been set and the crosshairs have been focused, what other microscope part should be adjusted to ensure that there is a good contrast between the dark and light bands of the chromosome?

 A.  The field diaphragm should be closed until the circle of light is just outside the field of view.	
 B.  The light should be turned to its lowest possible setting.	
 C.  The light should be turned to its highest possible setting.	
 	 D.  The condenser diaphragm should be closed down by 1/4 to 1/3
A

D

62
Q

The primary limiting factor for resolution in a light microscope is the:

	 A.  Quality of the lenses	
 	 B.  Numerical apertures	
	 C.  Index of refraction	
	 D.  Angle of illumination into the objective lens	
	 E.  Wavelength of light
A

E

63
Q

An increase in magnification causes

 A.  A decrease in the field of view	
 B.  A decrease in the working distance	
 C.  A decrease in the depth of field	
 	 D.  All of the above
A

D

64
Q

Working distance is the

 A.  Distance from the eyepiece to the stage	
 B.  Distance the microscope nosepiece to the stage	
 	 C.  Distance from the bottom of the objective lens to the specimen	
 D.  Distance the specimen can travel across the microscope stage
A

C

65
Q

Why must a small object seen through the ocular lens be centered in the field of view, before changing to a higher power objective lens?

 A.  To prevent damage to the objective lens	
 B.  To compensate for the decrease in resoliving power of the lens	
 	 C.  To prevent its disappearance due to the decrease in the field of view	
 D.  To prevent eyestrain
A

C

66
Q

A parfocal microscope allows you to quickly focus using the low power or scanning lens and then, to switch to a higher power lens with only a minimal adjustment of the fine focus knob.

A. True 

 B.  False
A

A

67
Q

Why is it necessary to adjust the amount of light after changing objective lenses?

 A.  Higher magnification lenses require more light	
 	 B.  Proper lighting is needed to see specimen details	
 C.  The lens aperture decreases with higher magnification lenses	
 D.  All of the above
A

D

68
Q

When processing an image on an automatic karyotyping system, it is necessary to convert the analog image seen through the microscope to a digital image. This process is called:

 A.  Segmentation	
 	 B.  Digitization	
 C.  Thresholding	
 D.  Pixelation
A

D

Cytogenetics Exam Prep (8 decks)

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