Microscope Flashcards
Attributive adjectives
PRE modifying, e.g. the GREY sky
Predicative adjectives
POST modifying, e.g. revision is BRILLIANT (usually linked to a form of the verb ‘to be’, e.g. ‘I am’, ‘She is’ etc.
Gradable adjectives
3 forms which can be graded upwards with various suffixes like ‘-er’ or ‘-est’ OR by adding ‘more/most’ before adjective
- ABSOLUTE: The base form of an adjective (e.g. big)
- COMPARITIVE: The form that designates comparison between 2 things, e.g. ‘biggER’ or ‘MORE interesting’
- SUPERLATIVE: expresses the highest level of the quality represented by an adjective, e.g. ‘biggEST’ or ‘MOST interesting’
Non-gradable adjectives
Binary adjectives that cannot be graded, e.g. ‘dead’
Adverbs of MANNER
Describes HOW something happened, e.g. she ran QUICKLY
Adverbs of TIME
Describes WHEN something happened, e.g. she went YESTERDAY
Adverbs of PLACE
Describes WHERE something happened, e.g. put it THERE
Adverbs of FREQUENCY
Describes HOW OFTEN something happens, e.g. she ALWAYS buys coffee or she REGULARLY buys coffee
Adverbs of DEGREE
Describes HOW MUCH (quantity) of something, e.g. she REALLY likes coffee
Adverbs of DURATION
Describes HOW LONG something happens for, e.g. the road is TEMPORARILY closed’
Modal auxiliary verbs
Expresses degree of possibility, probability, necessity or obligation, e.g. ‘can’ ‘might’ ‘may’ ‘must’
Primary auxiliary verbs
Denotes change of tense, e.g. ‘had’
Regular verbs
Follows a rule when forming simple past tense by adding ‘-ed’ suffix, e.g. walk -> walked
Irregular verbs
Takes an irregular form when changing to past tense, e.g. ‘swim’ -> ‘swam’
Transitive verbs
Verb processes that need an object, e.g. ‘he KICKED the table’ (has to be something to kick)
Intransitive verbs
Verb processes that don’t need an object, e.g. ‘He YAWNED’
Demonstrative pronouns
A pronoun that represents the literal or metaphorical distance of a thing or things, e.g. ‘this/these’ (near), ‘that/those’ (far)
Possessive pronouns
A pronoun that demonstrates ownership, e.g. ‘mine’, ‘yours’ ‘hers’, ‘ours’
Relative pronouns
A pronoun that used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun, e.g. ‘The man WHO lives next door is miserable’
Coordinating conjunctions
Signals the start of a coordinate clause
FANBOYS : for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Subordinating conjunctions
Signals the start of a subordinate clause
e.g. after, although, as, as if, because, before, how, if, since, than, though, unless, until, when, where and while.
Simple prepositions
Words which show how elements in a sentence relate to each other in terms of space or time
Function is demonstrated in one word, e.g. ‘in’, ‘on’
Complex prepositions or Prepositional phrases
Words which show how elements in a sentence relate to each other in terms of space or time
Function is demonstrated in more than one word, e.g. ‘in front of’
Concrete noun
Nouns that have a physical existence, e.g. ‘table’ ‘chair’
Abstract noun
Nouns that refer to states, feelings, concepts etc. with no physical existence e.g. ‘pain’ ‘happiness’ ‘lesson’
Proper noun
Nouns that refer to names of people, places, days of the week etc. that are always capitalised e.g. ‘London’ ‘Tuesday’
Collective noun
Nouns that refer to a single group composed of multiple things e.g. a ‘class’ of students, a ‘school’ of fish
Possessive determiner
Determiners that refer to who the noun belongs to, e.g. ‘my’, ‘our’
Quantity determiner
Determiners that refer to the number of the noun, e.g. ‘several’ ‘many’
Demonstrative determiner
Determiners that refer to the relationship/distance between speakers and noun, e.g. ‘this’, ‘those’
Initialism
An abbreviation made up of the initial letters, pronounced separately (e.g. BBC, MMA)
Compounds
Two words put together together into a single word (e.g. Facebook)
Blends
Two words blended together into a single word (e.g. spork)
Acronyms
An abbreviation made up of the initial letters, pronounced as a single word (e.g. NASA)
Jargon
Overly complex language difficult for others to understand
Collocation
Natural combination of words that are closely affiliated with each other
Monosyllabic lexis
One syllable lexis, typically Anglo Saxon
Polysyllabic lexis
More than one syllable lexis, typically French or Latinate
Semantic field
A group of words with related meanings which may refer to the same subject
Hypernyms
Term given to a collective subject word, e.g. colour
Hyponyms
Sub categories of words within a hypernym, e.g. red, yellow
Synonyms
Words that have the same meaning
Antonyms
Words with opposite meanings
Metonym
Words or phrases, usually including a concrete noun, representing a whole concept or ideology e.g. ‘I gave you my heart’ -> heart is the metonym, we all know it means love
Litote
A form of understatement, the use of a negative statement in order to emphasize a positive meaning, e.g. ‘It wasn’t half bad’
Definite article and Indefinite article
‘the’ - Definite
‘a’ - Indefinite
