Microorganisms + Biotechnology

Question 2

Define biotechnology:

Answer 2

Uses living organisms/components to synthesise, breakdown pr transform materials for human use.

Question 3

What microorganisms used in biotech?

Answer 3

Bacteria
Yeast
Moulds
Algae

–> enzymes = biological catalysts

Question 4

What are the applications if microbes in bio tech?

Answer 4

Brewing: Yeast ferment sugars anaerobically –> ethanol + CO2 to make alcoholic drinks

Baking: CO2 by yeast during sugar fermentation makes bread dough rise

Cheese making: Chymosin (enzyme from GM yeast) coagulates milk into curds –> bacteria + moulds = acidification , thickening + flavour

Yoghurt: ferment lactose -> lactic acid -> sours + solidifies milk into yoghurt

Medicine: bioengineered fungi + bacteria produce drugs –> antibiotic penicillin + insulin for diabetes treatment.

Bioremedation: microbes speed up degradation ofnpollutants like oil spills.

Question 5

What are the conditions for penicillin to be made?

Answer 5

1. Small fermenters with constant stirring to ensure high oxygen levels
2. A nutrient-rich medium for optimal growth
3. Buffer to keep pH stable around 6.5
4. Constant temp of 25-27 for ideal fungal activity
5. Extracted + purified

Question 6

Define bioremediation:

Answer 6

Uses microbes to decompose pollutants+ contaminants in soil/water

Critical environmental restoration technique

Question 7

What are the 2 main approaches in bioremediation?

Answer 7

Use of natural organisms: uses microbes natural ability to digest organic materials (sewage/oil spills)

Develop GM organisms for specific contaminants: Uses bacteria to break down/accumulate specific pollutants like mercury

Question 8

Advantages of using microorganisms in biotech:

Answer 8

Cost-effective cultivation = lower consumer prices

No ethical issues related to animal welfare

Rapid reproduction rates enables fast, large-scale production

Simple + versatile nutrient requirements (watse material) = lower costs

High protein + low fat content = efficient food source (sustainable alternative to meat)

GM = enhance nutrient profiles/optimise production

Independent of weather/breeding cycles –> year-round production regardless of climate