Micronutrients: Trace Elements Flashcards
Classification of Trace Elements
Essential
Nonessential
if element is required for biochemical or
functional processes
Essential
Essential classification is often associated with
Enzyme
Protein (Cofactors)
Example of essential classification of ENZYME
metalloenzyme
Example of essential classification of PROTEIN
metalloprotein
may be toxic at excess
● Nonessential
Nonessential classification of trace elements is also called as
Toxic elements
Found in the blood in mg/L (ppm) concentration
Trace elements
TRACE ELEMENTS
Found in the blood in _______ concentration
mg/L
Parts per million (ppm)
Example of Trace Elements
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Found in the blood in ug/L (ppb)
Ultratrace elemetns
ULTRATRACE ELEMENTS
Found in the blood in _______
ug/L
Parts per billion
Example of Ultratrace elements
Selenium
Chromium
Manganese, etc.
Enumerate all Trace Elements
- Iron
- Copper
- Zinc
- Chromium
- Cobalt
- Fluoride
- Manganese
- Molybdenum
- Selenium
- Mercury
- Lead
- Aluminum
- Arsenic
- Cadmium
A common metallic element important for the
synthesis of ________
IRON
hemoglobin
Ferroprotoporphyrin requires _____ to form
_________ (heme)
IRON
Iron
ferroprotoporphyrin 9
Carrier of other biochemically active substances
IRON
Example of biochemically active substances
Oxygen
An agent in redox and electron transfer reactions
IRON
Total body iron _____________
3-5 g
TOTAL BODY IRON
______ - hemoglobin
2 - 2.5 g
TOTAL BODY IRON
________ – myoglobin
~ 130 mg
TOTAL BODY IRON
_____ – enzymes
8 mg
TOTAL BODY IRON
______ – plasma
3 - 5 mg
TOTAL BODY IRON
Iron can also bind in these not just plasma
transferrin
albumin
free hemoglobin
Storage form of iron
Ferritin
Iron from food (_______) are typically in their
_______ (Fe3+)
dietary iron
ferric state
Fe3+ are (readily/not readily) absorbable, they
should be ________ first
not readily
reduced
only _____ of dietary iron is absorbed
10%
Substances (such as ______) or __________
by reduces Ferric ions to ____________
Vit. C
Ferric reductase
Ferrous iron
_________ readily absorbable iron by the _______________ and are stored in the cell in the form of ___________
Fe2+ (Ferrous iron)
intestinal mucosal cells
Ferritin
stored form of iron
Ferritin
Iron in Ferritin has how many fates?
two
If the body needs iron:
_____ in the cells will (release/absorb) the Iron into the circulation
ferritin
release
In the circulation, it will be _______ again (Fe2+) to _______
oxidized
Fe3+ (Ferric ion)
Ferric iron will be bound to
____________
transferrin
What is the iron transporter
Transferrin
T/F: after ferric iron is bound to transferrin, it will be transported to specific organs of the body
F; all throughout the body
If the body does not need iron:
excreted in ______ of ________________
desquamation of intestinal cells
Enumerate the condition/ where there is DECREASE in iron
● Iron Deficiency Anemia
● Malnutrition
● Malignancy
● Chronic infection
● Nephrotic syndrome
Enumerate the condition/ where there is INCREASE in iron
● Primary hemochromatosis
● Sideroblastic anemia
● Hemolytic anemia
● Liver disease
Enumerate the Laboratory Evaluation tests used in Iron
- Hematologic Tests
- Total Iron Content (Serum Iron)
- Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)
- Percent Saturation
- Transferrin
- Ferritin
Enumerate the different Hematologic Tests
Packed Cell Volume
Hemoglobin
RBC count and indices
Packed cell volume is also called as
Hematocrit
Refers to Fe+3 bound to transferrin
Total Iron Content (Serum Iron)
Specimen used in Total Iron Content (Serum Iron)
Serum; or
Heparinized Plasma
Variables in Total Iron Content (Serum Iron)
→ Hemolysis
→ Other anticoagulants
→ Diurnal variation
What are the other anticoagulants in the variables of IRON
oxalate
citrate
EDTA
DIURNAL VARIATION (Iron)
preferred time of collection
Early Morning
Method used in Total Iron Content (Serum Iron)
→ Colorimetric
→ Anodic Stippling Voltammetry
What is used in Colorimetric Method of Total Iron (Serum Iron)
HCL
Ferrozine
● Amount of iron that can saturate transferrin
Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)
Measures the amount of binding site present in
transferrin
Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)
Measures the amount of ________ present in
_________
TOTAL IRON BINDING CAPACITY (TIBC)
binding site
transferrin
What is added in Saturate transferrin in TIBC
MgCO3
TIBC
Add Iron in to the Plasma/ serum containing
________ then _________
transferrin
measure Iron
TIBC
__________ will bind the added Iron until all
transferrin are __________
Transferrin
saturated
TIBC
The remove excess Iron, add MgCO3
(_______________)
Then ______________
Magnesium carbonate
measure Iron again
Increased TIBC:
_____ (↓ ______)
iron deficiency anemia
Fe2+
Decreased TIBC:
__________ (↑ __)
hemochromatosis
Fe
Reference value of TIBC
250 - 425 ug/dL
a.k.a Transferrin saturation
Percent Saturation
● Ratio of serum iron to TIBC
Percent Saturation
Percent Saturation is the ration of ________ to _______
Serum iron
TIBC
Formula for Percent Saturation
di ko malagay
%saturation = (serum iron/TIBC)x100
Reference value of Percent Saturation
20 - 50%
INCREASED Percent Saturation is seen in
hemochromatosis
sideroblastic anemia
DECREASED Percent Saturation is seen in
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Iron transport protein
Transferrin
Apotransferrin + Iron
Transferrin
TRANSFERRIN
___________ + ___________
Apotransferrin
Iron
Reference value of Transferrin
200 - 300 mg/dL
INCREASED transferrin is seen in
Iron deficiency anemia
DECREASED Transferrin is seen in
Hemochromatosis
Laboratory method for Transferrin
Immunochemistry (nephelometry)
Storage form of Iron
Ferritin
Rough estimate of body iron content
Ferritin
FERRITIN RV
Male
20 - 250 ug/L
FERRITIN RV
Female
10 - 120 ug/L
FERRITIN RV
Increased in:
Hemochromatosis
FERRITIN RV
Decreased in
Iron deficiency anemia
Laboratory method for Ferritin
Immunochemistry
Component of several metalloenzymes
Copper
Critical for the reduction of iron in heme synthesis
Copper
Critical for the reduction of iron in _______
COPPER
heme synthesis
Readily absorbed by the body
COPPER
Presence of _____ can decrease intestinal
absorption of _____
zinc
copper
copper-binding protein (enzyme)
Ceruloplasmin
COPPER
Distribution: : ________ (total copper)
50 - 120 mg
COPPER
Distribution (organs)
Liver, brain, heart, and kidneys
cornea, spleen, intestine, and lungs.
