Electrolytes: Part 1 Flashcards
Biologic ions
Electrolytes
Cation (+/-) migrates to _______ (+/-)
+
Cathode
-
Anion (+/-) migrates to _________ (+/-)
-
Anode
+
FUNCTIONS OF ELETROLYTES
Volume and Osmotic regulations
Myocardial rhythm and contractility
Enzyme cofactors (activators)
Regulation of ATPase-ion pumps
Neuromuscular excitability
Production and Use of ATP from Glucose
Acid-Base Balance Maintenance
DNA replication and mRNA translation
Enzyme/s involved in Volume and Osmotic regulations
Na+, K+, Cl-
Enzyme/s involved in Myocardial rhythm and contractility
K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
Enzyme/s involved in Enzyme cofactors (activators)
Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+
Enzyme/s involved in Regulation of ATPase-ion pumps
Mg2
active transport that transports electrolyte in and out of the cell
ATPase-ion pumps
Enzyme/s involved in Neuromuscular excitability
K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
Enzyme/s involved in Production and Use of ATP from Glucose
Mg2+, PO4-
Enzyme/s involved in Acid-Base Balance Maintenance
HCO3-, K+, Cl-, PO4-
Enzyme/s involved in DNA replication and mRNA translation
Mg2+
charged atoms
Ions
dissolved in the blood and body fluids such as plasma, urine, CSF, etc.
ions
Solvent for all processes in the body.
Water
WATER
Human body: _______ water (___L)
40-75%
42L
Location of water
→ Intracellular fluid (ICF)
→ Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Intracellular fluid
___ or ___% of total body H2O (____L approx)
⅔
65%
28
Inside the cell
→ Intracellular fluid (ICF)
ECF
___ or __% (__L approx)
⅓
35%
14L
Outside the cell
→ Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Physiologic functions of Water:
→ Transports nutrients to cells
→ Determination of cell volume by its transport into and out of the cell
→ Removal of waste products
→ Body’s natural coolant
Physiologic function of water;
→ Removal of waste products (_____)
Urine
Physiologic function of water;
→ Body’s natural coolant (______)
Sweat
Sweat - contains __ mmol/L of Na & __ mmol/L of K+
15
5
2 Types of Water
Intravascular fluid
Interstitial fluid
○ Inside the blood vessel
→ Intravascular fluid
○ Plasma (liquid part of unclotted blood) with ___% water
Intravascular fluid
93%
○ Gaps in between the cells; fluid that surrounds the cell
Interstitial fluid
Retained for 3L of water - will cause _____ (retention of fluids in the tissue)
Interstitial fluid
Edema
Maintains concentration of electrolytes within cells and in plasma by actively promoting entry & exit of electrolytes in and out of the cell.
ION TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
● 2 Mechanisms of Ion Transport Mechanism
Active Transport
Passive Transport (Diffusion)
transport mechanism that requires energy to move ion across cellular membranes.
Active Transport
movement of ions across membrane based on size and charge
Passive Transport (Diffusion)
T/F: Passive Transport needs energy
FASLSE; Passive transport does NOT need energy
Concentration of solutes per kilogram of solvent (mOsm/Kg)
OSMOLALITY
Osmolality is unaffected by:
hyperlipidemia
hyperproteinemia
alcohol
mannitol
90% of total osmolality of osmotic activity in plasma
Na+ (and its anions)
Normal Plasma Osmolality
275-295 mOsm/Kg of plasma water
↑Na2+ and ↓H2O intake
Hyperosmolality
Function of Hypothalamus
Promote thirst
Promote decrease is vasopressin
major defense of body against hyperosmolality
Thirst
T/F: Where Na+ goes, H2O follows:
TRUE
↑Na+ = (Inc/dec)H2O
inc
Results to hypervolemia = ↑BV = ↑BP = (inc/dec) plasma solute
inc
↓Na+
Hypoosmolality
Decrease plasma solutes relative to the water
Hypoosmolality
What is the meaning of RAAS System
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM
regulates blood volume
RAAS System
mainly respond with decreased blood volume
(Hypovolemia)
RAAS System
secreted by Renal glomeruli
Renin
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
Renin
secreted by the adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
secreted by the hypothalamus
ADH/Vasopressin/Arginine-Vasopressin
Hormone
OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING BLOOD VOLUME
- Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and B-type Natriuretic Peptide
- Blood Volume Receptors
- Glomerular Filtration Rate
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and B-type Natriuretic Peptide
Promotes Na+ (secretion/excretion) (H2O excretion) -
(low/high) Blood volume & Blood pressure
Excretion
low
Vasodilation
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and B-type Natriuretic Peptide
acts against hypervolemia by promoting Na+
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Stimulates vasopressin secretion (retains
H2O) – (dependent/independent) of Osmolality
Blood Volume Receptors
Indepentent
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Hypervolemia - (inc/dec) GFR
Hypovolemia - (inc/dec)GFR
Hypervolemia - ↑GFR
Hypovolemia - ↓GFR
What is the old name of Sodium
Natrium
The major extracellular cation (most abundant)
Sodium
The major contributor to osmolality (____%)
Sodium
90
The principal extracellular osmotic particle
Sodium
SODIUM
Reference range: Serum
135-145 mmol/L
SODIUM
Reference range: CSF
136-150 mmol/L
SODIUM
Reference range: Urine
40-220 mmol/day
Sodium is maintained by:
Water intake
Water excretion
Threshold Critical Values:
→ _____ mmol/L - Hypernatremia
→ ____ mmol/L - Hyponatremia
160
120
Renal Threshold:
110-130 mmol/L
Concentration where the kidney stops
reabsorption
Renal Threshold:
Active Transport - requires energy
Na+/K+-ATPase ion Pump
Prevents osmotic rupture of cells
Na+/K+-ATPase ion Pump
When there is prevention of osmotic rupture of the cells, the water inside (inc/dec)
dec
Requires ATP
ATP-Driven
Maintained by promoting exit of __ Na+
outside the cell in-exchange with __ K+
3
2
Functions of Na+/K+-ATPase ion Pump
Maintains high concentration of intracellular
___
Maintains high concentration of extracellular
___
K+
Na+
What does sodium regulates?
Thirst
Water excretion
Blood volume status
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Renal Regulation:
WATER EXCRETION
↑H2O excreted = (inc/dec) Na+
inc
Blood volume status
affect Na+ excretion through ____________, _____________, and ____.
aldosterone
angiotensin II
ANP
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
blocks ______ and ______ secretion
aldosterone
renin
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
inhibits action of ___________ and ___________.
angiotensin II
vasopressin
Responds to hypervolemia
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Promotes “___________” - sodium excretion
Natriuresis
Sodium: Renal Regulation
________ of filtered Na+ are reabsorbed by
____
60-75%
PCT
Hormone responsible for Renal Regulation of Sodium
Aldosterone
Decreased plasma sodium concentration
Hyponatremia
Levels of decreased during Hyponatremia
<135 mmol/L
Most common electrolyte disorder
Hyponaterima
__________mmol/L hyponatremia symptoms occurs
125-130 mmol/L
results to severe neuropsychiatric symptoms (momentary memory loss)
<125 mmol/L
_______________ causes hyponatremia
Hyperglycemia
ongoing renal sodium and water loss
Urine Sodium of 20 mmol/day
For every 100 mg/dL ↑in glucose = _____ mmol/L
↓in Na+
1.6
____________ = ↓K+ in blood = Hyponatremia
Hypokalemia
Causes of Hyponatremia
Increased Na2+ loss
Increased Water Retention
Water Imbalance
Enumerate the diseases/conditions involving increased NA2+ loss
Hypoadrenalism
Potassium deficiency
Diuretic
Ketonuria
Salt-losing nephropathy
Prolonged vomiting or diarrhea
Severe burns
↓aldosterone excretion
Hypoadrenalism
Examples of Diuretic the Increased NA2+ loss
Thiazides
inhibit renal Na+ reabsorption in the DCT
Diuretic (Thiazides)
excreted along with blood Na in the
urine
Ketonuria
Enumerate the Diseases/Conditions involving the increase of water retention
- Renal Failure
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Hepatic cirrhosis
- Congestive Heart Failure
Enumerate the Diseases/Conditions involving the increase of water retention
Polydipsia
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion
(SIADH)
Pseudohyponatremia
dilution of plasma causing dilution of
its electrolytes
Polydipsia
The dilution of plasma causing dilution of
its electrolytes causes excessive __________
Thirst
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion
(SIADH)
↑ADH = - (inc/dec) Urine Output (Inhibit
Urination)
dec
False ↓ in Na+
Pseudohyponatremia
Happens only during measurement
(systematic error)
Pseudohyponatremia
Pseudohyponatremia happens when using __________________________________
Indirect Ion Selective Electrode
In patients with hyperlipidemia and
hyperproteinemia
Pseudohyponatremia
Increased plasma sodium concentration (_____
mmol/L)
Hypernatremia
>145
Water deficit affects plasma concentration (_____
deficit will result to thirst)
Hypernatremia
1-2%
Moderate H2O deficiency
150-160 mEq/L
Severe H2O deficiency
> 165 mEq/L
indicative of hypothalamic disease
Chronic hypernatremia
Causes of Hypernatremia
Excess Water Loss
Decreased Water Intake
Increased Na2+ intake or retention
Most common cause of Hypernatremia
Excess Water Loss
Enumerate the diseases/conditions involving excess water loss
- Diabetes insipidus
- Renal tubular disorder
- Profuse sweating
- Hyperventilation
- Diarrhea
- Severe burns
- Vomiting
- Fever
polyuria because of deficient vasopressin
Diabetes insipidus
impairment to retain urine at SG of 1.010
Renal tubular disorder
1L of water loss/day
Profuse sweating
1L of water loss/day
Hyperventilation
Who is affected by Decreased Water Intake
Older persons, infants, mental impairment
Enumerate the diseases/conditions involving Increased Na2+ intake or retention
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Sodium Bicarbonate Infusion
- Increased NaCl administration (Oral/IV)
- Ingestion of Sea Water
Hyperaldosteronism aka
Conn’s Disease
in Conn’s Disease, what hormone is increased?
Aldosterone
Why does ingestion of Sea Water increases Na2+ intake?
Sea water has high levels of Na Content
Specimens used for the Laboratory Analysis of Sodium
Serum
Plasma
24hr Urine
Sweat
Whole Blood
What type of Plasma is only used in the laboratory analysis of sodium?
lithium heparin
ammonium heparin
lithium oxalates
This specimen is used in some analyzers (with
acceptability precautions)
Whole blood
This specimen is used in Sodium testing
Sweat
Variables in the Laboratory Analysis of Sodium
Marked hemolysis
In marked hemolysis, _____________ leading to false
decrease
dilutional effect
Method used for collection of sweat
GIBSON AND COOKE PILOCARPINE
IONTOPHORESIS
Sweat sample must be tightly sealed
because it is ____________ (easily evaporates)
volatile
GIBSON AND COOKE PILOCARPINE
IONTOPHORESIS
Sweat Inducer
Pilocarpine + Mild Current
(Iontophoresis)
GIBSON AND COOKE PILOCARPINE
IONTOPHORESIS
Output: ____ mg of sweat within __ minutes
> 50
30
Methods used in Sodium
Ion Selective/Specific Electrode
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Emission Flame Photometry
Chemical Methods (Albanese Lein)
Membrane used in Ion Selective/Specific Electrode
Glass Aluminum Silicate
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
→ measurement of ____________ ions
unexcitable
Emission Flame Photometry
→ measurement of __________ ions
excitable
Used in Chemical Methods (Albanese Lein)
Cupric sulfate
NaOH
Old name of Potassium
Kalium
The major intracellular cation (_____ mmol/L in
RBC)
Potassium
105
RBC K+ is ____ than of the plasma/serum K+
23x
The single most important analyte in terms of
abnormality
Potassium
Functions of Potassium
Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Contraction
Neuromuscular excitability
ICF volume regulation
Hydrogen Ion Concentration
slight ↑/↓in K+
Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Contraction
affect acid-base balance
Hydrogen Ion Concentration
Threshold Critical Values:
→ ___ mmol/L (hyperkalemia)
→ ___ mmol/L (hypokalemia)
6.5
2.5
diseased/conditions in hypokalemia
cardiac arrhythmia
Tachycardia
T/F: Only one is significant in Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia therefore, only one must be regulated
FALSE; both are significant and should be regulated
Potassium
Reference range: Serum
3.5-5.1 mmol/L (2%)
Potassium
Reference range: Plasma (MALE)
MALE: 3.5-4.5 mmol/L
Potassium
Reference range: Plasma (FEMALE)
3.4-4.4 mmol/L
Potassium
Reference range: Urine (24H))
25-125 mmol/d
Potassium regulation
Kidneys
Cellular uptake
In which organ:
70-80% of filtered K+ is reabsorb (________________________)
Kidneys
proximal tubules
Which hormone causes the Kidneys to excrete potassium
Aldosterone
CELLULAR UPTAKE
Acute K+ elevation will result to rapid (entry/exit) of
K+ in the cell
entry
What promotes cellular entry of Potassium?
→ Insulin
→ Catecholamines
→ Beta-Blockers
therapeutic drugs (cardioactive drugs)
Beta-Blockers
Decreased plasma K+ concentration
HYPOKALEMIA
Hypokalemia may result in:
arrhythmia and paralysis
HYPOKALEMIA
If <2.5 mmol/L = _______________
induce Cardiac Arrhythmia
Causes of Hypokalemia
A. Gastrointestinal Loss
B. Renal Loss
C. Cellular Shift
D. Decreased K+ intake
Enumerate the diseases/conditions in Gastrointestinal Loss
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Gastric Suction
- Intestinal Tumor
- Malabsorption
- Cancer therapy
- Large doses of Laxatives
most common cause of extrarenal
hypokalemia
Diarrhea
result to ↑K+ loss through GIT
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
↑K+ loss in stool
- Intestinal Tumor
- Malabsorption
- Cancer therapy
- Large doses of Laxatives
Enumerate the diseases/conditions in Renal Loss
- Diuretics (thiazide-type)
- K+-losing Nephritis
- Renal Tubular Acidosis
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Cushing’s Syndrome
- Hypomagnesemia
- Acute Leukemia
most common cause of renal loss
Diuretics (thiazide-type)
Lead to ↓hydrogen ion excretion promoting
↑K+ excretion
Renal Tubular Acidosis
condition in renal loss wherein: Hypernatremia (sodium is absorbed)
Hyperaldosteronism
What hormone is increased in Crushing’s Syndrome
↑cortisol
Cortisol is secreted by the _____________
adrenal cortex
What is the action of cortisol?
mimics the action of aldosterone
Condition in renal loss wherein: ↓Mg2+ in blood
Hypomagnesemia
The decrease of Mg2+ in the blood causes enhanced aldosterone (secretion/excretion)
secretion
↑immature WBC/blasts
Acute Leukemia
Enumerate the diseases/conditions in Cellular Shift
- Alkalosis
- Insulin overload
- Catecholamines
alkaline pH of blood
Alkalosis
Normal pH concentration of the blood
(7.35-7.45)
Alkalosis
↓0.4 mmol/L/0.1 pH unit (increase/decrease)
increase
pH of the blood in alkalosis
> 7.45
pH of the blood in acidosis
7.20
hyperglycemic hormone
Catecholamines
only occurs during analysis
Pseudohypokalemia
Pseudohypokalemia occurs especially if patient has ____________________
leukocytosis
↑WBC because WBC takes up K+ if sample is left at room temp.
leukocytosis
Increased plasma K+ concentration
HYPERKALEMIA
HYPERKALEMIA
____ mmol/L - can alter ECG trace
6-7
HYPERKALEMIA
__ mmol/L - can cause lack of muscle
excitability/ muscle weakness
8
HYPERKALEMIA
___ mmol/L - can cause cardiac arrest
10
Causes of Hyperkalemia
A. Decreased Renal Excretion
B. Cellular Shift
C. Increased K+ intake
D. Artifactual (Pseudohyperkalemia)
Most common cause of Hyperkalemia
Decreased Renal Excretion
Enumerate the diseases/conditions involved in Decreased Renal Excretion
- Acute or Chronic Renal Failure
- Hypoaldosteronism
- Addison’s Disease
- Diuretics
Condition in Decreased Renal Excretion wherein: an adrenal insufficiency
Addison’s Disease
Example of an adrenal insufficiency
hypoaldosteronism
Enumerate the diseases/conditions involved in Cellular Shift (Hyperkalemia)
- Acidosis
- Muscle/Cellular Injury
- Diabetes mellitus
- Chemotherapy
- Leukemia
- Hemolysis
acidic pH of blood (↑H+ )
Acidosis
ACIDOSIS
↑ 0.2-1.7 mmol/L/0.1 pH unit (increase/decrease)
decrease
K+ can’t enter the cell due to insulin deficiency
Diabetes mellitus
Oral or Intravenous Potassium replacement
therapy
Increased K+ intake
Artifactual causes of Hyperkalemia
- Sample hemolysis
- Thrombocytosis
- Prolonged tourniquet use
- Excessive fist clenching
Sample hemolysis
→ ↑K+ because RBC K+ is ___ (~___ mmol/L)
than serum/plasma
23x
110
K+ are released from platelets when clotting
Thrombocytosis
In thrombocytosis, never measure the K+ because it causes false (inc/dec)
Increase
can promote cellular exit of K+
Prolonged tourniquet use
Excessive fist clenching
Specimen used in Potassium Laboratory Analysis
Heparinized Plasma
Serum
Urine
Most preferred sample in Potassium Laboratory Analysis
Heparinized Plasma
potassium specimen
Serum (______ mmol/L higher than plasma)
0.1-0.7
Potassium specimen
Do not use EDTA = false (increase/decrease)
increase
○ K2EDTA – ____________
○ K3EDTA – _____________
versene
sequestrene
Variables in the Laboratory Analysis of Potassium
- Hemolysis
- Prolonged tourniquet application
- Unseparated whole blood sample stored in
ice/refrigerator - Lipemia
- Exercise and Prolonged Standing
Slight hemolysis (50 mg/dL Hgb) –____ ↑ in K+
3%
Gross hemolysis (>500 mg/dL Hgb) – ___ ↑ in K+
30%
Unseparated whole blood sample stored in
ice/refrigerator
Promotes exit of K+ from the cell (due to
cold temp) = (inc/dec)in K+
inc
causes elevated serum potassium
Lipemia
10-20% increase in potassium
Exercise and Prolonged standing
Mild-moderate exercise: _______ mmol/L increase
0.3 - 1.2
Vigorous exercise (fist clenching): ____ mmol/L increase
2-3
Laboratory Methods in Potassium
● Ion Selective Electrode
● Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
● Flame Emission Photometry
● Colorimetry (Lockhead and Purcell)
K+-specific Membrane:
Valinomycin gel
The major extracellular anion
Chloride
Chief counter ion of sodium in plasma
Chloride
____ and ___ almost always exist as one
Na+
Cl-
○ Na+ = ______
○ Cl- = _____
cation
anion
inverse relationship of two electrolytes
Counter ion:
Chloride is excreted in:
Urine and Sweat
excess sweating
Perspiration
Perspiration
(inc/dec) Cl- = (inc/dec) Na+ in the blood
dec
dec
To retain sodium, __________ secretion/production are stimulated
aldosterone
Aldosterone promotes reabsorption of sodium in the
___________________
DCT
Absorption: dietary Cl- are almost completely
(excreted/absorbed) by the intestinal tract
absorbed
T/F: Chloride’s function is NOT well defined
T
Enumerate the functions of Chloride
→ Maintains plasma osmolality and blood
volume (in conjunction with Na+)
→ Maintains electroneutrality
→ Enzyme activator
Cl- is an _______ activator
Amylase
the only anion that serve as enzyme activator
Chloride
Chloride
Reference range: Serum/Plasma
98-107 mmol/L
Chloride
Reference range: Urine (24hr)
110-250 mmol/d (or 24 hrs)
Where does regulation of chloride occurs?
Renal (kidneys)
T/F: Chloride is freely filtered by glomerulus
T
Chloride is reabsorbed by _____________ (with Na+)
proximal tubules
T/F: reabsorption of Na+ is NOT dependent on the
availability of Cl-
FALSE; reabsorption of Na+ is dependent on the
availability of Cl- (excess will be excreted in
the urine)
stimulates aldosterone secretion (retains Cl- with Na+)
Perspiration
balance in the number of electrons in the plasma
Electroneutrality
Whenever there is aerobic biochemical
process (requires O2) in the body it will
produce _______
CO2
CO2 will enter the _______
red cell
Within RBC, CO2 will form _________ by the
enzyme _______________
carbonic acid
carbonic anhydrase
Carbonic acid will be split into __________
(H+) and __________ (HCO3 -)
hydrogen ion
bicarbonate ion
one of the principle ion that
contributes to the acidity of the blood or
any substance
Hydrogen ion
↑H+ = ↓ph = (inc/dec) acidity
inc
hemoglobin that doesn’t have oxygen bound to it
Deoxyhemoglobin
It will buffer the H+ to maintain pH
Deoxyhemoglobin
____________ (anion) will diffuse out of the
cell
Bicarbonate ion
↑ Cl- + ↑ bicarbonate = electroneutrality is
_______________ = result in (inc/dec) in number of
negatively charged substance in the
plasma
disturbed
inc
To maintain the electroneutrality, ____(abundant
in plasma) will enter the cell along with _____
Cl-
Na+
When bicarbonate exit the cell, it will exit
along with ____
Na+
T/F: Cl- passively follows Na+
T
T/F: Disorders related to Cl- is NOT same as Na+
FALSE; Disorders related to Cl- is the same as Na+
Other causes of Chloride Shift
- Hyperchloremia (↑Cl-)
- Hypochloremia (↓Cl-)
Excessive loss of HCO3-
Hyperchloremia (↑Cl-)
Excessive loss of HCO3- is due to:
GIT loss
metabolic alkalosis
renal tubular acidosis
Excessive Cl- loss
Hypochloremia (↓Cl-)
Excessive Cl- loss is due to
Vomiting
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Aldosterone deficiency
Salt-losing nephropathies
Elevated blood HCO3- (disturbs electroneutrality)
Hypochloremia (↓Cl-)
Elevated blood HCO3- is due to:
compensated respiratory acidosis
metabolic alkalosis
Specimen used in Laboratory Analysis of Chloride
Serum
Heparinized Plasma
24hr Urine
Type of Heparinized Plasma used in Chloride
Lithium heparin
Method of Collection of Sweat in Chloride Laboratory Analysis
Gibson and Cooke Pilocarpine Iontophoresis
Variables in Chloride Laboratory Analysis
Marked Hemolysis:
Interfering Substances:
Marked Hemolysis causes ________________ (false decrease)
DIlutional effect
Enumerate the interfering substances
Bromide
cyanide,
cysteine
The interfering substances causes false (inc/dec) as these are measured as Cl- in chemical/coulometry
method)
inc
Laboratory methods in chloride
- Schales and Schales (Mercurimetric Titration)
- Spectrophotometric Methods
- Coulometric Amperometric Titration (Cotlove
Chloridemeter) - Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)
Indicator used in Schales and Schales (Mercurimetric Titration)
Diphenylcarbazone
End product in Schales and Schales (Mercurimetric Titration)
Mercuric chloride (HgCl2)
Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) shows what color?
blue violet color
Spectrophotometric Methods
Forms reddish complex
Mercuric thiocyanate (Whitehorn Titration
Method)
Spectrophotometric Methods
Forms colored complex
Ferric perchlorate
Reagent used in Coulometric Amperometric Titration (Cotlove Chloridemeter)
Silver
End product of Coulometric Amperometric Titration (Cotlove Chloridemeter)
Silver Chloride
T/F: The number of silver used to form silver chloride
is equivalent to the Cl- ions present in the sample
T
Membrane used in Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)
tri-n-octylpropylammonium chloride
decanol
