Micronutrients in Growth and Development Flashcards
What is choline bro
vitamin-like essential nutrient
made de novo in liver
main functions:
-structural component of cell membranes
-transport and metabolism of fat and cholesterol
-helps make neurotransmitter
-helps maintain normal levels of homocysteine
AI of choline/food sources
women: 425 mg/day
men: 550 mg/day
beef liver, wheat germ, egg, soybeans
Choline toxicity and deficiency
UL is 3500 mg day to prevent hypotension and fishy body odor
choline deficient diet causes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and liver damage
pregnant women at risk for low choline status, some evidence that low choline leads to neural tube defects but inconclusive
What is Vit A?
family of fat-soluble retinoids, retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
retinol:
general function is reproduction, stored in body
retinal
vision
retinoic acid
regulates growth
retinoids
biologically active form of vitamin a
carotenoids
pigments in fruits and vegetables, some of which are provitamins
Functions of Vitamin A
growth, reproduction
protein synthesis, gene expression,
vision
immune system
iodopsin and rhodopsin
both contain a in the form of cis-retinal, light transforms it to transretinal
Functions of vitamin a and skin
anti-inflammatory properties, needed for healthy epithelial cells
RDA for Vit A
based on maintaining sufficient storage in the liver, 900 ug day, 700 ug per day females
Rich sources of vit A
retinoids: liver, fish, fish oil
pro-a carotenoids: carrots, spinach, winter squash
deficiency/toxicity of a
UL is 3000 ug
15000 can cause nausea, vomiting, headaches, etc
chronic consumption of excess can lead to hypervitaminoisis a
not advised during pregnancy (birth defects)
possibly osteoporosis
