Micronutrients During Pregnancy Flashcards
what kind of adaptations occur to accommodate calcium need?
- increased intestinal absorption
- increased bioactive form of Vit D (role unclear)
when is calcium requirement especially high?
last trimester when bone accretion primarily occurs
calcium requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
neither - there’s no evidence of decreasing bone mass with current Ca intakes
what kind of adaptations occur to accommodate phosphorous need?
increased absorption efficiency
magnesium requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
increases - increased urination
concentration of Mg (increases/decreases) in a pregnant woman’s blood
decreases - bc of hemodilution
what is considered in the Fe requirement of a pregnant woman?
- fetal requirements
- expansion of blood volume
- increased storage iron
when do iron requirements go down?
first trimester - no menstruation means less Fe loss
what kind of adaptation does the body make to accommodate iron need in 2nd and 3rd trimester?
increased bioavailability
consequences of anemia?
- severe = perinatal maternal mortality
- moderate = 2x risk of maternal death
when is iron supplementation appropriate?
when pre-pregnant Fe stores are inadequate
iron requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
increases (from 18 to 27 mg/d)
how was the AI for potassium set for pregnant women?
highest median intake
2.9 g/d
sodium requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
increases, but slightly - to accommodate higher blood volume over 9 months
thiamin requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
increases by 30%
1.4 mg/d
riboflavin requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
increases - support growth in maternal and fetal compartments
1.4 mg/d
niacin requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
neither - no evidence for change, but because energy requirements go up you eat more
18 mg/d of NE
B6 requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
increases (esp last trimester) to accommodate metabolic needs of the mother, fetus, and placenta
1.9 mg/d
folate requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
increases by about 200ug/d
rda = 600 ug/d
b12 requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
increase due to fetal absorption
2.6 ug/d
biotin requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
mixed reviews
AI is kept the same at 30 ug/d
choline requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
increases to accommodate need during embryogenesis and perinatal development
450 mg/d
what happens with insufficient choline?
liver damage bc lowered phosphatidyl choline tissue concentrations which doesn’t permit TG export through VLDL
Pantothenic acid requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
doesn’t change, but AI rounds up
6 mg/d
vit c requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
increases due to hemodilution
80-85 mg/d
UNLESS u smoke, then 2x vit c need
vit A requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
increases (mostly for last trimester)
750-770 ug RAE/d
vit D requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
neither - doesn’t seem to change status but supplements are viewed as fine
600IU (15 mcg)/d
vit E requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
neither - no evidence for deficiency state with current consumption
15 mg/d of a-tocopherol
vit K requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
neither - stays the same
AI is based on highest median intake
90 ug/d
zinc requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
gradually increases as pregnancy progresses
based on balance studies
EAR = 9.5 mg/d, RDA = 11 mg/d
adolescents +1
iodine requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
increased; based on radioactive studies
EAR = 160 ug/d RDA = 220 ug/d
what happens with deficient iodine during pregnancy?
miscarriage, stillbirth, birth defects, congenital hypothyroidism
selenium requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
increases
EAR = 49 ug/d RDA = 60 ug/d
copper requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
increases; based on platelet concentration
EAR = 785-800 ug/d RDA = 1000 ug/d
Mn requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
increased; based on balance studies. AI based on usual intakes in NA
AI = 2 mg/d
chromium requirement (increases/decrease) with pregnancy
increases; AI based on average intakes
AI = 29-30 ug/d
molybdenum requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
increases due to higher body weight
EAR = 40 ug/d RDA = 50 ug/d
Fluoride requirement (increases/decreases) with pregnancy
stays the same; based on prevention of dental cavities
AI = 3 mg/d
