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NUTR 337 > Lactation > Flashcards

Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

what happens to hormone levels post-delivery?

A

decrease in progesterone and estrogen

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2
Q

sucking stimulus triggers what?

A

hormone cascade stimulated in the anterior pituitary gland to release prolactin, which stimulates the production of milk in the alveolar cells of the mammary gland

oxytocin released from posterior pituitary gland to contract the milk out

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3
Q

oxytocin role?

A
  • bonding
  • suppresses ovulation
  • contracts the uterus to control blood loss after delivery
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4
Q

advantages of breastfeeding?

A
  • jaw/tooth development
  • bacteriologically safe & always fresh
  • contains a variety of anti-infectious agents and immune cells
  • nutritionally superior
  • decreased risk of food allergy
  • decreased risk of metabolic disorders
  • decreased risk of asthma
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5
Q

compartments of milk

A
  • micelles
  • membrane-bound globules
  • live cells
  • protein and NPN compounds
  • lipids
  • vits, mins, trace elements
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6
Q

sources of milk components?

A
  • maternal plasma
  • alveolar cells
  • other mammary cells in situ
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7
Q

what are the 3 phases of milk production?

A
  • colostrum (first 5-7 days)
  • transitional milk (7 days to 3-4 weeks)
  • mature milk
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8
Q

describe the proportion of colostrum constituents

A

higher protein and mineral (Na, K, Cl) and lower energy, lactose, and fat content

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9
Q

describe the proportion of transitional milk constituents

A

less protein, more lactose and fat

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10
Q

describe the composition of mature milk

A

depends on the infant’s needs

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11
Q

immunological properties of human breast milk

A
  • direct action against pathogens
  • modulation of immune response
  • promotion of growth/maturation of GI tract
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12
Q

why is it hard to replicate the immune benefits in baby formula

A

pasteurization; bovine milk is catered to…. cows

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13
Q

function of whey proteins?

A
  • protect proteins by preserving their S-S bonds
  • can bind to pathogens to inhibit their growth
  • resistant to proteolysis
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14
Q

what antibodies are relevant in breast milk?

A
  • IgA (most prevalent)
  • IgM
  • IgE
  • IgG
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15
Q

what does IgA do?

A
  • protects against many pathogens
  • blocks whole food proteins from absorption by binding them (allergens)
  • promotes the closure of leaky junctions
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16
Q

what is bifidus factor

A

N-containing CHO that promotes the growth of lactobacilli

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17
Q

what do lysozymes do

A

break down proteoglycans

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18
Q

how does lactoferrin have anti-infectious properties?

A

bacteria that eat your iron tend to be more pathogenic but lactoferrin says no u can’t have this

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19
Q

what do lactoperoxidases do?

A

kill streptococci and enteric bacteria

20
Q

how are lipases anti-infectious?

A

FFA and MAG have antiviral properties

21
Q

interferons:

A

inhibit intracellular viral replication

22
Q

B12

A

binding protein

23
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocytosis

24
Q

macrophages

A

synthesize complement, lactoferrin, lysozymes ,and carry out phagocytosis

25
Q

lymphocytes

A

synthesize secretory IgA and other Igs

26
Q

fibronectin

A

increase phagocytosis

27
Q

complement

A

promotes opsonization

28
Q

growth factors in breast milk

A
  • cortisol/thyroxine/insulin
  • prostaglandins
  • polyamines
29
Q

the protein content of infant formula is (higher/lower) than breast milk

A

higher

30
Q

why does milk have a higher concentration of calcium, magnesium, and phosphates?

A

presence of micelles

31
Q

what is the early protein hypothesis?

A

infants fed formula consume more protein and oftentimes more calories, leading them to have higher risk for obesity/overweight

“metabolic programming”

32
Q

whey:casein ratio? in human milk?

A

60:40 (ranges from 70:30 to 80:20 to 50:40)

33
Q

advantages of breast milk over infant formula?

A
  • better catered whey:casein
  • more nucleotides
  • better balance of essential AAs
  • decreased risk of allergic rxns
  • bovine has no lactoferrin
34
Q

why is it beneficial to have more whey than casein?

A

casein is a slower protein to digest/whey is easier to absorb

whey is also anti-infectious

35
Q

what bovine milk protein is linked to allergy?

A

B-lactoglobulin

also happens to be one of the most prominent proteins

36
Q

significance of taurine in human breast milk?

A
  • needed for bile acid conjugation
  • putative neurotransmitter
  • conditionally essential AA
37
Q

describe the methionine content of human breast milk

A

lower content due to higher whey ratio. this is good because it’s the most cytotoxic amino acid

also bc cystathionase comes later in development, methionine can’t be converted to cysteine

38
Q

describe the cysteine content of human breast milk

A

rich cysteine - cystathionase (makes cysteine) is late to develop so having it provided is good

39
Q

describe the phenylalanine content of human breast milk

A

lower para-hydroxyphenylpyruvate oxidase (breakdown enzyme) is late to develop

excess can adversely affect CNS

40
Q

describe the tyrosine content of human breast milk

A

lower; tyrosine aminotransferase (breakdown enzyme) is late to develop

excess can adversely affect CNS

41
Q

how many infants are allergic to cow’s milk?

A

2-7.5%

42
Q

signs of cow’s milk allergy?

A
  • vomiting, nausea
  • sneezing, wheezing, chronic cough
  • dermatitis
  • headaches
43
Q

what happens regarding food protein permeability of the GI tract w/cow milk allergy?

A

increased

44
Q

how are the allergens in cow’s milk managed?

A

commercial hydrolysis with enzymes

45
Q

can you give an infant soy protein formula if they have a cow milk allergy?

A

likely not, there’s cross reactivity

46
Q

what is Heiner’s Syndrome?

A

hypersensitivity to cow’s milk protein

  • GI blood loss and iron deficiency anemia
  • failure to thrive

NUTR 337 (12 decks)

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