Micronutrients

Question 1

B6 is also known as

Answer 1

Pyridoxine

Question 2

B6 which form is the princiapl coenzyeme and most important physiologically

Answer 2

PLP or pyridoxal 5 phosphate

Question 3

B6 is stored primarily in

Answer 3

Muscles

also can be found in liver, brain, kidneys and spleen 40-185mg found in the body

Question 4

B6 is involved in decarboxylation by

Answer 4

The formation of GABA from glutamate
The production of serotonin from 5HTP
The formation of dopamine

Question 5

B6 is involved in transulfhydration by

Answer 5

The synthesis of cysteine from methionine

Question 6

The PLP coenzyme is required in the synthesis of niacin from

Answer 6

tryptophan

Question 7

B6 or PLP is involved in the synth of neurotransmitters:

Answer 7

serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and GABA

Question 8

B6/PLP action in hormone function is:

Answer 8

it can bind hormonal receptor sites making them unavailable for binding steroid hormones (effecting estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone) may have implications for hormone responsive cancers

Question 9

B6/PLP role in RBC formation

Answer 9

a conenzyme in synthesis of heme. It can bind hemoglobin and affect its ability to transport O2. Thus defish can lead to anemia

Question 10

______ is required for absorption

Answer 10

dephosphorylation: performed by brush border enzyme

Question 11

Absorption of b6/PL, pN and PM is via what method and in which area of the GI

Answer 11

passive diffusion in the jejunum

Question 12

B6 goes where after it is absorbed

Answer 12

directly released to portal circulation which tranports the

vitamin to the liver (There it is taken up by passive diffusion and metabolized.)

Question 13

How is B6 excreted

Answer 13

urine (small amount in feces

Question 14

B6 Deficiency is uncommon but risk is increased in

Answer 14

alcohol abuse and elderly as well as with certain medications

Question 15

B6 signs of deficiency

Answer 15

glossitis, angular stomatitis, apthous ulcers, peripheral neuropathy, seborrheic rash , neuro symps

Question 16

Conditions assoc with B6 defish

Answer 16

B6 dependent epilepsy (first 6 mos of life), homocystinuria, type 1 priarmy hperolxaluira

Question 17

B6 toxicity symptoms

Answer 17

sensory neuropathy, ataaxia, degen of neurons and snsory fibers of peripheral nerves.

Question 18

B6 dose is recommended not to exceed

Answer 18

200mg /day

Question 19

B6 side effects in levles exceeding 50mg/day can include _____ and ______ and may be mitigated by adding _____

Answer 19

Nervousness and insomnia

Magnesium 200-400 mg/d

Question 20

B6 PNP and pyridoxine are found in which foods

Answer 20

Plant foods: whole grains, fruit, nuts

Question 21

B6 PL, PM, pLP and PMP are found in which foods

Answer 21

animal products: steak, salmon and white meat of chicken. (b6 can also be found in fortified foods)

Question 22

B6 needs in pregnancy increase/decrease

Answer 22

increase 1.9mg/d

Question 23

B6 needs in lactation increase/decrease

Answer 23

increase 2.0 mg/d

Question 24

B6 increases/decreases intracellular uptake of Mg

Answer 24

increases and vice versa (so supp together)

Question 25

Adddiing _____ b6 ressulted in greater clincial improvement than wiwiith b6 alone

Answer 25

folate

Question 26

Blood levels of zinc may increase/decrease with large doses of B6

Answer 26

decrease

Question 27

B6 may increase/decrease L-Tryptophan uptake in the brain thus enhancing the anti depressant effect

Answer 27

Increase

Question 28

Cu where is it excreted

Answer 28

bile mostly small part urine

Question 29

Cu where is it absorbed

Answer 29

Duoedenum, upper intestine

Question 30

Cu deficiency is uncommone but signs include

Answer 30

``` anemia unresponsive to iron (but resp to cu) neutropenia (low white blood cells) Pigmentation: skin/ hair neurological symps impaired growth ```

Question 31

Cu toxicity is rare but signs include

Answer 31

abdominal pain nausea and vomitting diarrhea ``` severe tox: liver damage kidney failure coma death ```

Question 32

Cu | Wilson's disease is a genetic condition resulting in cu overload. In a NFPE this might be seen where?

Answer 32

In the cornea of the eyes

Question 33

Cu | Wilson's disease is due to

Answer 33

abnormal storage of copper

Question 34

Cu | Menke's disease is a genetic disorder of

Answer 34

Cu metabolism

Question 35

Cu | Good food sources of Cu include

Answer 35

organ meats, shellfish, nuts and seeds. | whole grains and chocolate

Question 36

Cu needs in pregnancy increase/stay the same

Answer 36

Increase 1000ug/day

Question 37

Cu needs in lactation increase/ stay the same

Answer 37

Increase 1300ug / day

Question 38

Cu's role with Iron

Answer 38

Cu is needed for proper iron metabolism and transport of iron to the bone marrow for erythropoiesis)

Question 39

Cu | High doses of zinc may lead to

Answer 39

copper deficiency

Question 40

Cu | HIgh intake of Vitamin C can inhibit/enhance Cu absorption

Answer 40

inhibit If someone is supp'ing Vit C may need to supp copper as well

Question 41

Cu | Alpha lipoic Acid (ALA) can _____copper and ______urinary excretion

Answer 41

Chelate | Increase

Question 42

Cu | _____ and ____ can inhibit absorption

Answer 42

Zinc and vitamin C

Question 43

Cu | Adequate Cu is required for normal _____metabolism

Answer 43

Iron

Question 44

Cu is stored in small amounts in the ____ and ____

Answer 44

skeleton and muscle

Question 45

Zn | Physical signs of Zn deficiency

Answer 45

white spots on nails, thinning/ loss of hair, acne

Question 46

Zn | Chronic toxicity of zinc results in ______ deficiency

Answer 46

copper

Question 47

Zn is more bioavailable in animal/vegetable sources?

Answer 47

animal

Question 48

Zn | Amino acids ____ and ____ can improve absorption of ZN

Answer 48

Cysteine and methionine

Question 49

Zn | _____ found in plants can inhibit zinc absorptioin

Answer 49

phytate

Question 50

Zn | Zn defish is assciated with decreased/increased vitamin A from the ______

Answer 50

Decreased, Liver | may contribute to night blindness

Question 51

Zn | Supp folate and zinc together may be an issues for those with

Answer 51

pancreatic insufficiency

Question 52

Zn | Iron supp may decrease/increase zn absorp

Answer 52

decrease

Question 53

Zn given in doses greater than 50mg/d for weeks can interfere/enhance bioavail of copper

Answer 53

interfere (metallothionein | traps copper in intestinal cells and prevents its absorption)

Question 54

Zn | 1st tier assessment for Zn is

Answer 54

plasma but it can vary with food intake, the diurnal rhythm, acute stress, higher concentration of sex hormones in circulation (pregnancy, or a woman taking oral contraceptive pills), muscle wasting, illness, and weight loss. It is said to reflect dietary intake of zinc longterm and responds to zinc supplementation.

Question 55

Zn functional medical / nutritioal providers prefer this assessment because it is suspected to detect defish earlier and more readily than plasma

Answer 55

RBC Zinc

Question 56

B9 is aka

Answer 56

Folate

Question 57

B9 has 3 components

Answer 57

Pteridine, PABA and Glutamic Acid

Question 58

Folate is correctly used to refer to the form naturally found in food or the body, whereas the term ________ is used to refer to the form found in supplements or fortified foods.

Answer 58

folic acid,

Question 59

Folate is involed in the metabolism of amino acids:

Answer 59

Histidine, serine, glycine, methionine

Question 60

Folate recs _____throughout childhood

Answer 60

increase

Question 61

Folate recs in adolescence ______ to _____mcg/day

Answer 61

increase, 300

Question 62

Folate recs in pregnancy are _____mcg

Answer 62

600 and are recommended for pre natal as well

Question 63

Folate rec's in lactation ____ from pregnancy rates to _____

Answer 63

decrease, 500

Question 64

Folate rec's for adults is

Answer 64

400mcg