Bio Pathways, Microbiome, Metabolism Flashcards
_______are proteins whose function is to bind substrates and catalyze their conversion to
reaction products differing from the substrates in chemical structure and composition by
reducing the reaction’s required Energy of Activation (Eac).
Enzymes
Because enzyme catalysts return to
their original state when the reaction is completed, enzymes are not consumed by the reactions
they catalyze and small numbers of enzymes can produce large amounts of products.
A_____ is an organic compound required by an enzyme in order for the enzyme to be
able to reduce the required Eac of a reaction.
coenzyme
Unlike an enzyme, a coenzyme
participates in the reaction by either transferring to the reactants an electron, reduced
proton, phosphate, hydroxyl or methyl group or by accepting such a substance from the
reactants, and must be regenerated.
A _____ is a nutrient that is required by an enzyme for full activation of the enzyme.
cofactor
Unlike a
coenzyme, a cofactor functions as part of the enzyme and is not consumed by the reaction.
Examples of common cofactors are zinc, magnesium and copper.
______is the hydrolysis of glycogen in the liver and muscle to glucose
monomers.
Glycogenolysis
lysis = cutting off of glycogen molecules (glycogen is just a line of attached glucose molecules)
_______is the pathway during which glycogen polymers are created from
glucose monomers.
glycogenesis
_______is the primarily hepatic pathway by which glucose is synthesized de novo from
lactate, pyruvate or alanine in the liver (90%) and kidneys (10%).
Gluconeogenesis
_______is the energy-producing conversion of 6-carbon glucose to 3-carbon
pyruvate;glycolysis is considered an anaerobic process because oxygen is not involved.
Glycolysis
Some cells, such as erythrocytes, lack________ and cannot metabolize pyruvate to
carbon dioxide. Instead, in such cells pyruvate is converted to____________.
mitochondria
lactate
In general, gluconeogenesis is
the reverse of glycolysis. However, 3 irreversible glycolytic enzymes _____ , _____ and _____must be bypassed via additional enzymatic pathways
that operate only during gluconeogenesis in order to avoid futile cycling.
(glucokinase,
phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase)
______ is a key nutrient in gluconeogenesis
biotin
Key rate limiting step in glycolysis i_______
Fructose 6 phosphate becomes fructose 1-6 bisphosphate using atp and magnesium, and phosphofructose kinase 1
Symptoms of hyperkalemia
an increase in plasma potassium concentration. Hyperkalemia can cause
skeletal muscle disturbances (flabbiness, muscle weakness or shallow respiration) or cardiac
muscle disturbances (depression of cardiac rate; the heart may stop in diastole).
Symps of hypokalemia
is a decrease in plasma potassium concentration. This condition affects all types
of muscle. Smooth muscle disturbances can cause abdominal distention, vomiting, paralytic
ileus or decreased vascular tone causing hypotension. Skeletal muscle
disturbances can cause flabbiness, muscle weakness or shallow respiration. Cardiac muscle
disturbances can cause arrhythmias, rapid weak cardiac rate or heart blockage.
Symps of hyponatremia
Hyponatremia is a decrease in plasma sodium concentration caused by either accelerated loss
of sodium or increased water retention. Reduced plasma sodium concentration decreases
plasma osmotic pressure; water moves from interstitial to intracellular fluid resulting in general
cellular swelling. Swelling of cerebral cells can cause muscle twitching, disorientation,
hyperirritability, convulsions or coma. Swelling of other body cells can cause muscle twitching,
general body weakness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps or diarrhea.
Symps of hypernatremia
is an increase in plasma sodium concentration caused by either accelerated loss
of water or increased sodium retention. Increased plasma sodium concentration increases plasma
osmotic pressure; water moves from intracellular to interstitial fluid resulting in general cellular
dehydration. Dehydration of cerebral cells can cause restlessness, apprehension and possibly coma.
Dehydration of other body cells can cause
dry mucous membranes, skin and tongue and sunken eyeballs.
Hypocalcemia is
a decrease in plasma calcium concentration. It may cause increased
irritability of skeletal muscle, resulting in twitching of muscle, carpodedal spasms, tetany,
spasms of the larynx or epilepsy-like seizures; increased smooth muscle irritability, resulting in
spasms of blood vessel walls with numbness and tingling in the fingers; and decreased cardiac
contractility, resulting in myocardial infarction.
Hypercalcemia is an increase in plasma calcium concentration. Sequelae of hypercalcemia
include abdominal distention, bloating, constipation, nausea, vomiting, general lethargy, muscle
weakness, lack of normal reflex response and increased cardiac contractility, resulting in
increased cardiac output and elevated blood pressure.
Hypercalcemia is an increase in plasma calcium concentration. Sequelae of hypercalcemia
include abdominal distention, bloating, constipation, nausea, vomiting, general lethargy, muscle
weakness, lack of normal reflex response and increased cardiac contractility, resulting in
increased cardiac output and elevated blood pressure.
Acidosis is a pH of
Less than 7.35
In acidosis, the ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3- in plasma is less than 1:20 and
symptoms may include central nervous system depression of CNS, delerium, coma,
hyperkalemia or hypercalcemia.
Alkalosis is a pH greater than
7.45
In alkalosis, the ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3- in plasma is
greater than 1:20 and symptoms may include central nervous system excitation, hyperirritability,
disorientation, heightened reflex responses, hypocalcemia or hypokalemia.
INtracellular fluid ICF account for ____ of total body water
2/3
ECF accounts for ______
of total body water.
1/3
ECF is the water and dissolved substances
in the plasma, lymph, and also includes interstitial fluid
ICF is a function of its \_\_\_\_\_\_ content because\_\_\_\_\_ is the predominant intracellular cation.
potassium,potassium
The osmotic pressure of ECF is
relative to the______ content because_____ is the major
sodium, sodium
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is expressed primarily in the the ______. They are essential to the prdocution of these 4 things ___
liver,
cholesterol, steroids, prostacyclins, and thromboxane
A2.
If the enzyme function is suppressed by poor
integrity of the enzyme structure, abnormal pH microenvironment,
hepatic inflammation, altered availability of nutrient
cofactors, or CYP450 genotype, then there is a backup of toxins
and an increase in an individual’s toxic load1
