Micronutrients Flashcards
are organic compounds which help the body convert food into energy
Vitamins
are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and others.
Vitamins
Help convert food into energy
Vitamins
Some vitamins are ____ or ____ in metabolism
Cofactors
Coenzyme
Prevent damage to cells from by-products of metabolism
Antioxidants
Vitamins come from the Latin word ____ (___) and the suffix _____ (a nitrogen compound)
Vita (life)
Amine (nitrogen compound)
Vitamins have ____ which means thag there are suggested levels of intake of these per day
RDA
In cases where deficiency of intake occurs
- Decrease intake
- Altered absorption
- Unmet increased need for the vitamin
those foods with added nutrients that are not naturally occurring in the food
Fortified foods
Metabolically active form are those which the body can readily use
Preformed vitamins
Are those which are metabolically inactive
Provitamins
Retinol: pro or pre
Preformed
Beta carotene: preformed or provitamin
Provitamin
What is the function of vitamin A?
Maintenance of epithelial cell integrity
Eye health
Immune function
Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin A
Night blindness
Corneal ulceration (xerophtalmia)
Toxicity symptoms of vitamin A
- Nausea and vomiting
- Blurred vision (increased ICP and headaches)
- Birth defects
What are the functions of vitamin D?
- Maintenance of blood calcium and phosphorus levels
- Bone mineralization
- Cell growth
- Immune function
What are the deficiency symptoms of vit D?
- Muscle pain
- Skeletal pain
- Tetany
- Rickets (in children)
- Osteomalacia (in adults)
What are the toxicity symptoms of vit. D?
Hypercalcemia
Calcification of soft tissues
Renal stones
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting -Confusion, depressive symptoms -Heart arrhythmia
What are the functions of vit E?
- Antioxidant
- Immune function
- Alters platelet aggregation
What are the deficiency symptoms of vit E?
- Fragile RBC in premature infants
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Ataxia
What is the toxicity symptom of vit E?
Decreased platelet aggregation, bleeding
Vitamin K
Phylloquinone
Menadione
What are the functions of vit K?
- Manufacture of blood clotting factors
- Bone health
What is the deficiency symptom of vit K?
Altered blood clotting
What is the toxicity symptom of vit K?
No adverse effect reported
Absorption of retinol happens in _____
Small intestine
It is largely stored in the ____
Liver
What destroys vitamin A?
Prolonged heating in contat with air
is involved in the oxidation-reaction process of the rods and cones during adjustment to light
Retinol
is a necessary material for synthesis and maintenance of epithelial tissue.
Retinol
(hardening and sloughing) of the mucus membrane line of the respiratory tract, GI tract, urinary system, eyes and skin.
Keratinization (deficiency of retinol)
is necessary for growth and development of skeletal and soft tissues through its effect upon CHON synthesis and differentiation of bone cells.
Retinol
Preformed vitamin A sources?
Animal sources and foods fortified with vit A
Provitamin A food source
Green and yellow vegetables
is hormone-like in source and action.
Calciferol or vitamin D
It is synthesized by the body I the skin through irradiation of cholesterol by sunlight.
Vitamin D
Where is vitamin D absorbed?
Small intestines along with calcium and phosphorus
This vitamin is resistant to oxidation, which makes it valuable as an antioxidant.
Vitamin E (tocopherol)
Where is vit E stored?
Adipose tissue
What are the plant sources of vit E?
Nuts
Legumes
Germ oils of wheat
Corn
Cottonseed
What are the animal sources of vit E?
Egg yolk
Liver
Butter
Milk
This vitamin is a product of synthetization of normal intestinal bacteria.
Vitamin K
Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of _____ and __^^
Prothrombin
Proconvertin
a chemical process that aids the phosphate radical to glucose so that its passage through the cell membrane is enhanced.
Phosphorylation
What are the food sources of vitamin K?
Liver
Dark green leaves
Wheat bran
Vegetable oils
What are the functions of vit C?
- Antioxidant
- Collagen and connective tissue synthesis
- Promotes absorption of iron
What are the deficiency symptoms of vit C?
- Scurvy
- Petechiae
- Poor wound healing
What are the toxicity symptoms of vit C?
- Diarrhea
- Abdominal cramping
- Nausea
What is the function of vit B (thiamine)?
Coenzyme in metabolism
What is the deficiency symptom of Vit B1?
Beri-beri
Fatigue
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
What are the functions of B2 (riboflavin)?
Coenzyme in metabolism
Conversion of Vit B6 to active form
What are the deficiency symptom of vit B2?
Ariboflavinosis
Magenta tongue
angular stomatitis
Cheilosis
What are the deficiency symptoms of vit B3 (niacin)?
Pellagra
4Ds (Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Depression, Death)
Cheilosis
Glossitis
What are the toxicity symptoms of vit B3?
Skin flushing
Hepatotoxicity
What is the function of vit B6 (pyridoxine)?
Required for conversion of tryptophan to niacin
Deficiency symptoms of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)?
Seborrheic dermatitis
Microcytic anemia
Depression
Convulsions
What is the toxicity symptom of Vitamin B 6?
Peripheral neuropathy
What is the function of Folate or foli acid?
Coenzyme in metabolism
Cell division
Needed for closure of neural tube in fetus
Deficiency of folic acid?
Macrocytic anemia
Toxicity symptom of folate or folic acid?
Excessive doses can mask and potentiate vitamin B12 deficiency
What is the function of vitamin B12?
Coenzyme of metabolism
Cell division
Spinal column myelination
What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B12?
Macrocytic anemia
Demyelination of spinal column
Peripheral neuropathy
Dementia
What is the function of biotin?
Cofactor of metabolism
What is the deficiency symptom of biotin?
Alopecia
Red scaly rash
What is the function of panthothenic acid?
Cofactor in synthesis of coenzyme A
Fatty acid synthesis
What are the deficiency symptoms of Panthothenic acid?
Irritability
Restlessness
GI upset
Converts folic acid into its active form, folinic acid.
Vit C
Produces steroid hormones particularly adrenocorticohormones under stress
Vit c
Aids in healing of wounds and bone fractures
Vit C
Integral part of the coenzyme factor thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), needed for CHO metabolism.
Vit B1 (thiamine)
Essential components of coenzymes flavin mononucleide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinuchleotide (FAD); essential for metabolism of all macronutrients.
Vitamin B2
Needed for conversion of tryptophan to niacin.
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Helps maintain healthy skin, tongue and mouth, normal vision, proper growth and development.
Vitamin B2
Acts as hydrogen and electron acceptors, fatty acid synthesis/oxidation and protein catabolism
Vit B3 (niacin)
Needed for photosynthesis in plants and fixation of carbon dioxide in animal cells.
Vit B3
Coenzyme in macronutrient metabolism, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).
Vit B6
Essential for the formation of tryptophan and for the conversion of tryptophan to nicotinic acid.
Vit B6 (pyridoxine)
Essential for normal function in the metabolism of cells, especially in the GI tract, bone marrow, and nervous tissue.
Vit B12 (cobalamin)
Participates with folic acid, choline and methionine in the transfer of methyl groups in the synthesis of nucleic acids, purines and pyrimidine intermediates
Vit B12 (cobalamin)
Required for conversion of histidine to glutamic acid
Folic acid
Essential for formation and maturation of RBC and WBC in the bone marrow.
Folic acid
Essential in the closure of neural tube in fetus. Pregnant women are given a daily dose of folic acid supplements to prevent neural tube defects in newborns.
Folic acid
coenzyme factor in carbon dioxide fixation
Biotin
Assists active acetate (CoA) in the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, fatty acids and carboxylation reactions.
Biotin
Maintenance of normal growth, healthy skin and integrity of CNS. ▶ Part of coenzyme A which has many metabolic roles in cells.
Panthothenic Acid
