Micronutrients Flashcards
1
Q
What are micronutrients
A
Essential compounds required in very small amounts in the diet
2
Q
What types of compounds are micronutrients
A
Vitamins,
Trace elements
3
Q
Are vitamins organic or inorganic
A
Organic
4
Q
Are trace elements organic or inorganic
A
Inorganic
5
Q
Where are vitamins produced
A
Plants and bacteria
6
Q
Where are trace elements produced
A
AncientbStars and supernovas
7
Q
Roles of micronutrients
A
Co factors, Coenzymes, Structure, Genetic control, Antioxidants
8
Q
What is a cofactor
A
Non protein chemical compound or metallic ion needed for a proteins biological activity to happen
9
Q
What is a coenzyme
A
Small non protein organic molecule that help enzymes to catalyse a reaction
10
Q
What is an antioxidant
A
Substance that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules
11
Q
Which vitamins are involved in genetic control
A
A and d
12
Q
How do micronutrients impact membrane structure
A
Phospholipids form complexes with mg2+ and ca2+
13
Q
What are reactive oxygen species and reaction nitrogen species
A
Free radicals
14
Q
What are some exogenous sources of free radicals
A
Pollution, Alcohol, Tobacco, Heavy metals, Transition metals, Industrial solvents, Pesticides, Drugs, Radiation
15
Q
What are some endogenous sources of free radicals
A
Mitochondria,
Peroxisomes,
Endoplasmic reticulum,
Phagocytes cells
16
Q
How do free radicals damage molecules and cells
A
Unpaired electron on free radicals seeks electron from another molecule -> chain reaction of oxidation -> oxidative stress
17
Q
What does oxidative stress increase risk of
A
Heart disease, Cancer, Diabetes, Arthritis, Macular degeneration, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s,
18
Q
How do antioxidants neutralise free radicals
A
Lend electrons to stabilise damaged atoms
19
Q
Which antioxidant can neutralise free radicals in cell membranes
A
Vitamin e
20
Q
Which cells produce retinoic acid/ vitamin a
A
Gut dendritic cells
21
Q
What does vitamin a produced in gut dendritic cells do
A
Involved in imprinting cells to home to the gut mucosa from Peyer’s patches
22
Q
How do gut dendritic cells produce retinoic acid/vitamin a
A
Retinal dehydrogenases convert retinal to retinoic acid,
NAD converted to NADH
23
Q
Why are micronutrients more important for children
A
Need more Energy,
Body growth and development
24
Q
What can malnutrition lead to
A
Impaired wound healing, Impaired immune response, Reduced muscle strength, Inactivity, Increased postoperative complication risk, Depression, Self neglect
25
What defines the amount of each nutrient people need
Recommended dietary allowance RDA
26
Which vitamins are fat soluble
A D E K
27
Which vitamins are water soluble
B C
28
What does excess fat soluble vitamins cause
Toxic effects
29
What happens to excess water soluble vitamins
Excreted in urine
30
Which vitamins are stored in the body
Water soluble + B1
31
How are vitamins A D E and K absorbed
With lipids into lymph fluid
32
How are vitamins B and C absorbed
With flux of water from gut lumen through mucosa
33
Commensal bacteria are providers and consumers of which vitamins
B and K
34
Why do germ free animals need more dietary vitamins
Commensal Bacteria produce vitamins in the gut
35
Why can commensal bacteria overgrowth cause vitamin b12 deficiency
Bacteria use up vitamin b12
36
Main causes of decreased vitamin intake in developed countries
Alcohol dependency,
Veganism,
Elderly w poor diet,
Anorexia
37
Which vitamins are alcoholics likely to be deficient in
B vitamins
38
Which vitamins are vegans most likely to be deficient in
D, b12
39
Which vitamins are the elderly most likely to be deficient in
D, folate
40
What vitamin are anorexics most likely to be deficient in
Folate
41
What are the causes of vitamin deficiency
Decreased intake,
| Decreased absorption
42
What are the main causes of decreased vitamin absorbance in developed countries
```
Malabsorptive state,
Ileal disease,
Ileal resection,
Liver disease,
Biliary tract disease,
Intestinal bacterial overgrowth,
Oral antibiotics
```
43
What vitamin absorption is decreased by Ileal disease or resection
B12
44
What vitamin absorption is decreased by liver and biliary tract disease
Fat soluble vitamins
45
Which vitamin absorbance is decreased by intestinal bacteria overgrowth
B12
46
What vitamin absorption is decreased by oral antibiotics
Vitamin k
47
What can vitamin a deficiency cause
```
Xerophthalmia,
Night blindness,
Bitot spots,
Follicular hyperkeratosis,
Impaired embryonic development
```
48
What can vitamin d deficiency cause
Rickets,
| Osteomalacia
49
What can vitamin e deficiency cause
Peripheral neuropathy,
Spinocerebellar ataxia,
Muscle atrophy,
Retinopathy
50
What can vitamin k deficiency cause
Coagulopathy
51
What can vitamin c deficiency cause
Scurvy
52
What can vitamin b1 deficiency cause
Beri beri
53
What can vitamin b2 deficiency cause
Magenta tongue,
Angular stomatitis,
Seborrhoea,
Cheilosis
54
What can vitamin b3 deficiency cause
Pellagra
55
What can vitamin b6 deficiency cause
```
Seborrea,
Glossitis,
Convulsions,
Neuropathy,
Depression,
Confusion,
Anaemia
```
56
What can vitamin b12 deficiency cause
Anaemia,
Neurological disorders,
Increased homocysteine,
Increased methylmalonic acid
57
What can folate deficiency cause
Anaemia,
Strophic glossitis,
Depression,
Increased homocysteine
58
What is trace element
Dietary minerals necessary in very minute quantities for normal function
59
What are some trace elements
```
Calcium,
Phosphorus,
Iron,
Selenium,
Zinc,
Copper
```
60
Where is iron absorbed
Upper small intestine
61
What is iron needed for
Oxygen transport in heamoglobin,
| Myoglobin function in skeletal muscle
62
Where is iron stored in the body
Liver,
| Bone marrow
63
What is iron stored as in the liver and bone marrow
Ferritin
64
What protein transports iron in serum
Transferrin
65
What does iron deficiency cause
```
Microcytic Anaemia,
Lethargy,
Fatigue,
Cognitive impairment in kids,
Constitutional disturbance,
Exacerbation of inflammatory states
```
66
What can be used to prevent iron overload and oxidative damage
Haem chelaters
67
What can haemochromatosis cause
```
Lethargy,
Fatigue,
Abdominal pain,
Joint pain,
Reduced libido,
Bronzing skin,
Diabetes,
Cirrhosis,
Cardiomyopathy
```
68
What is haemochromatosis
Iron excess
69
What can reduce vitamin d synthesis from sunlight
Melanin,
| SPF
70
What is vitamin d needed for
```
Bone metabolism,
Macrophages,
Immune system,
Pancreas metabolism,
Proliferation of some cell types
```
71
Rickets symptoms
Growth retardation,
| Expansion of growth plate
72
Osteomalacia symptoms
```
Reduces bone strength,
Increased bone fracture,
Bone pain,
Bending of bones,
Muscle weakness,
Waddling gait
```
73
Lifestyle factors that contribute to deficiency
```
Obesity,
Smoking,
Alcohol,
Exercise,
Exclusive breastfeeding for 6+ months
```
74
Disease factors that contribute to deficiencies
```
Reduced skin synthesis,
Decreased bioavailability - obesity,
Drug related,
Increased excretion,
Impaired hydroxylation
```
75
What is thiamine pyrophosphate involved in
Glycolysis,
Krebs cycle,
BCAA metabolism,
Pentose phosphate cycle metabolism
76
Types of beri beri
Wet,
Dry,
Shoshin
77
What does vitamin b1 deficiency cause
Beri beri,
Wernicke’s encephalopathy,
Korsakoff’s psychosis
78
What does wet beri beri cause
```
Enlarged heart,
Tachycardia,
High output CCF,
Peripheral oedema,
Peripheral neuritis
```
79
What does dry beri beri cause
Symmetric peripheral neuropathy
80
What does shoeshine beri beri cause
Fulminant cardiac failure,
| Lactic acidosis
81
What is the worst type of beri beri
Shoshin beri beri
82
Why does wet beri beri cause cardiac problems
Heart tries to compensate for Krebs cycle shutting down
83
What does wernickes encephalopathy cause
Horizontal nystagmus,
Opthalmoplegia,
Cerebella ataxia
84
What does korsakoff syndrome cause
Mental impairment,
85
Which condition caused by vitamin b1 deficiency is irreversible
Korsakoff syndrome
86
What are the 2 chemical forms of niacin
Nicotinic acid,
| Nicotinamide
87
What are the 2 pyridine nucleotides formed by nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
NAD and NADP
88
Which molecule can cells make niacin / b3 from
Tryptophan
89
What can cause niacin / b3 deficiency
```
Vegetarianism,
Alcoholism,
Hartnups disease,
Carcinoid syndrome,
Isoniazid use
```
90
What does niacin / b3 deficiency cause
Pellagra
91
Pellagra symptoms
```
Early -
Appetite loss,
Weakness,
Irritability,
Abdominal pain,
Vomiting,
Bright red glossitis,
Late -
Casals necklace,
Vaginitis,
Oesophagitis,
Diarrhoea,
Depression,
Seizures
```
92
What are the 4 D’s of pellagra
Dermatitis,
Diarrhoea,
Dementia,
Death
93
What does niacin/b3 toxicity cause
Glucose intolerance,
Macular oedema,
Macular cysts,
94
Which deficiency is linked to neural tube defects in feotuses
Folate
95
What organisms synthesise vitamin b12
Bacteria and archaeia
96
How much of b12 intake is absorbed
40%
97
Where is vitamin b12 absorbed
Terminal ileum
98
What is vitamin b12 used as
Cofactor for methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA synthase
99
What can vitamin b12 deficiency cause
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Anaemia,
GI disturbance,
Neurological disturbance
100
What can cause b12 deficiency
```
Inadequate intake - veganism,
Disorder of terminal ileum,
Defective b12 release from food,
Inadequate IF production,
Transcobalamin ii deficiency,
Congenital enzyme defects
```
