Micronucleus Test Flashcards

1
Q

DNA fragment that is separated from the main nucleus and has originated from a chromosome or fragment of a chromosome that fail to be included into one of the daughter nuclei during cell division

A

Micronucleus / Micronuclei (Howell-Jolly bodies)

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2
Q

Proponent of Howell-Jolly bodies

A

William Howell & Justin Jolly

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3
Q

Micronucleus / Micronuclei is an extracellular biomarker for _______________, which is used to assess toxicity

A

Chromosomal damage

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4
Q

Micronucleus / Micronuclei are typically round with a diameter of about ________ to _______ of the erythrocytes. They are almost __________-shaped (clue: nut)

A

1/20; 1/5; almond

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5
Q

This stage of cell division is where chromosomal breaks happen

A

Metaphase

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6
Q

This stage of cell division is where chromatin distribution disturbances happen

A

Anaphase

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7
Q

This stage of cell division is where the displaced chromatin are excluded from the nuclei of the daughter cells

A

Telophase

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8
Q

These are chromosome-breaking substances in the bone marrow and spleen

A

Clastogen

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9
Q

This substance, in the bone marrow or spleen, leads to loss of whole chromosome activity

A

Aneugen

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10
Q

Identification (Clastogen /Aneugen)
The pathway of this substance is: Break → Lagging Break → Acentric MN

A

Clastogen

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11
Q

Identication (Clastogen /Aneugen)
The pathway of this substance is: Spindle dysfunction → Lagging chromosome → Centric MN

A

Aneugen

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12
Q

Endpoints of genetic damage

A

Gene mutation, Clastrogenicity, Aneuploidy

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13
Q

Point mutations or deletions/insertions that affect single or blocks of genes. This happens during the replication stage of central dogma

A

Gene mutation

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14
Q

This endpoint results in structural chromosome changes

A

Clastrogenicity

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15
Q

The occurrence of one or more extra or missing chromosomes, leading to unbalanced chromosome complement

A

Aneuploidy

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16
Q

Micronucleus Test is an _________ toxicity study developed by ________ and co-workers in 1975.

A

In vivo; Schmid

17
Q

Used to screen compounds for genotoxicity caused by clastogens (chromosome-breaking) or aneugens (loss of whole chromosome activity) by detecting micronuclei.

A

Micronucleus Test

18
Q

Micronucleus Test Principle: When a bone marrow __________ develops into a _________ erythrocyte, the main nucleus is _________; micronuclei that have been formed may remain behind in the otherwise ____________________

A

Erythroblast; polychromatic; extruded; enucleated cytoplasm

19
Q

Immature erythrocytes: _________; Mature erythrocytes: nucleus disappears

A

Nucleated

20
Q

T/F: Micronuclei are found in a variety of different marrow cells (myeloblast, myelocytes, erythroblasts, erythrocytes)

A

True

21
Q

T/F: Majority of micronuclei are found in monochromatic (immature) erythrocytes

A

False. Majority are found in polychromatic (immature) erythrocytes

22
Q

Identify the Giemsa stain color

_______: immature; Pinkish or orange: mature

A

Blue

23
Q

Test animals in Micronucleus Test

T/F: male or female rodents may be used

Fill in the blanks
- ______ mice or rats
- Ideally _________ weeks old at the start of treatment
- Weight variation should not exceed +/- _____% of mean weight

A

True

Swiss; 6-10; 20

24
Q

Micronucleus Test substances

Three dose levels usually ____, ____, ____, of the LD50

A

1/8; 1/4; 1/2

25
Q

T/F: in micronucleus test substances, solids must be dosed directly or diluted prior to dosing. Liquids must be dissolved in appropriate solvent.

A

False

Solid – must be dissolved in appropriate solvent
Liquid – may be dosed directly or diluted prior to dosing

26
Q

Substances that produce a detectable increase in micronucleus frequency

A

Positive control

27
Q

These are positive control substances that are used as aneugens

A

Colchicine and vinblastine

28
Q

T/F: Colchicine and vinblastine, as aneugens, cause loss of chromosomal activity. They are microtubule synthesis inhibitors that cause metaphase arrest

A

True

29
Q

These are substances, solvents or vehicles used in administering the test chemical

A

Negative control (e.g. NSS)

30
Q

T/F: The administration of the test substance is administered IP, IM, PO twice, 48 hours before and 12 hours before the animals are sacrificed)

A

False. Administered IP, IM, PO twice (30 hours before and 6 hours before the animals are sacrificed)

31
Q

In the preparation of the bone marrow smear, both _______ of freshly sacrificed animal wholly cut through ______ and ______.

A

femurs; pelvis; tibia

32
Q

In the preparation of the bone marrow smear, insert a 1mL syringe through the cavity of the femur and submerge in the ____________________ contained in a 5mL centrifuge tube

A

fetal bovine serum

33
Q

T/F: In the preparation of the bone marrow smear, the insides of the femur must appear reddish after aspirating and flushing using the syringe

A

False. Whitish

34
Q

In the preparation of the bone marrow smear, the suspension must be spread thinly with the aide of the cover slip angled at _____ degrees. Then, it must be air dried for at least ____ hours

A

45; 24

35
Q

In staining, what is the ratio of the diluted Giemsa stain?

A

1:6

36
Q

How many polychromatic erythrocytes should be screened for micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes?

A

1000

37
Q

T/F: Do not store the multinucleated cells and cells undergoing apoptosis

A

True

38
Q

Why is Andre Martin E. Marapao so very very very handsome

A

because he is perfect