microbiome/medically important bacteria/ medically important protozoans

Question 1

what is a symbiotic relationship?

Answer 1

where different species live closely together and they can be beneficial, neutral, harmful

Question 2

define mutualism

Answer 2

both species benefit

Question 3

define commensalism

Answer 3

one is benefitted the other is not affected

Question 4

define parasitism

Answer 4

one species, the parasite is the only one to benefit

Question 5

define dysbiosis

Answer 5

imbalance of natural microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses that live in the gut for example

Question 6

define an opportunistic infection

Answer 6

microorganism like bacteria, fungi, and viruses taking advantage of a weak immune system

Question 7

novel pathogens

Answer 7

an unfamiliar type of pathogen that is hard to control, and example- covid

Question 8

what are ways bacteria is helpful medically?

Answer 8

digestion
production of medicine
research study
fermentation
biotechnology

Question 9

how does bacteria help digestion?

Answer 9

food is broken down and nutrients good for health are processed

Question 10

how does bacteria help production of medicine?

Answer 10

production of various medicines, antibiotics, insulin, vaccines

Question 11

how does bacteria help fermentation?

Answer 11

bacteria used to ferment food like yogurt and cheese

Question 12

how is bacteria used in biotechnology?

Answer 12

genetic engineering, protein production

Question 13

what does mechanism of pathogenicity mean?

Answer 13

ways in which a microorganism like bacteria or virus causes disease

Question 14

how is attachment used as a mechanism of pathogenicity?

Answer 14

specialized structures of proteins that allow them to attach to specific cells or tissues

Question 15

how is invasion used as a mechanism of pathogenicity?

Answer 15

pathogens can penetrate host cells or tissues by secreting barrier breaking enzymes or exploiting host cell processes

Question 16

how is toxin production used as a mechanism of pathogenicity?

Answer 16

the toxin can harm host cells or tissues leading to development of disease symptoms

Question 17

in mechanisms of pathogenicity how is multiplication & spread used?

Answer 17

pathogens can replicate in hosts body increasing numbers

Question 18

despite inflammation being a defensive mechanism what can excessive inflammation do?

Answer 18

it can contribute to tissue damage

Question 19

how is destruction of host cells used as a mechanism of pathogenicity.

Answer 19

some pathogens directly destroy a hosts cells as a mean to cause tissue damage.

Question 20

what are ways of entry into a host as a mechanism of pathogenicity?

Answer 20

mucous membranes
breaks in skin
insect bites
ingestion
direct contact

Question 21

what is an example of entry into a host by mucous membranes

Answer 21

can enter through surfaces by respiration, digestion or reproductive tracts. This can happen when eating, breathing or contact with contaminated substance

Question 22

example of entry into host by breaks in skin

Answer 22

skin is cut or injured and pathogens can enter

Question 23

examples of entry into host by insect bite

Answer 23

some pathogens transferred from insects like mosquitoes and malaria

Question 24

example of entry into host by direct contact

Answer 24

pathogens passed from person to person through direct contact with bodily fluids or surfaces

Question 25

what are medically important protozoans?

Answer 25

single celled microorganisms that can cause disease

Question 26

for these medically important protozoans what is the life cycle

Answer 26

infection
trophozoite stage
cyst formation
transmission
excystation

Question 27

for the protozoans what is infection?

Answer 27

protozoans enter the hosts body by insect bite, direct contact or ingestion

Question 28

for protozoans what is the trophozoite stage?

Answer 28

the protozoan starts as a trophozoite and in the feeding stage and multiply by division

Question 29

for protozoans what is cyst formation?

Answer 29

when conditions are unfavorable and there is need to survive outside of host it can transform into a cyst with a protective outer shell.

Question 30

for protozoans what is transmission

Answer 30

cysts are released from the body by secretion and the cysts can contaminate the environment and be ingested by another host

Question 31

for protozoans what is excystation

Answer 31

in the new host the cyst can go back to the trophozoite state and begin to multiply and cause damage to the body

Question 32

for protozoans what is a vector

Answer 32

something that passes on the pathogen an example would be a mosquitoe