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Phase 2a Introduction to clinical sciences > Microbiology-viruses > Flashcards

Microbiology-viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What dose ELISA stand for?

A

enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

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2
Q

What methods are the old fashioned methods of virus detection?

A

Electron microscopy

Cytopathic effect

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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of PCR?

A

So sensitive that it is vulnerable to laboratory contamination
Because you have to use complementary primers, you cannot detect a virus unless you suspect it to begin with- so wouldn’t be able to detect completely new virus

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4
Q

What are the advantages of PCR?

A

sensitive and quick

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5
Q

What is serology?

A

The study and detection of antibodies in the serum

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6
Q

Which type of antibody will you find within one week of onset of infection?

A

IgM

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7
Q

Which type of antibody appears later than IgM but can bind better to the antigen?

A

igG

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8
Q

What is avidity?

A

ability to bind to the antigen

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9
Q

Give three examples of techniques used in serology

A

CFT- complement fixation test
IF- immunoflourescence
ELISA- enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

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10
Q

What kind of swab is done to detect bacteria?

A

charcoal swab

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11
Q

What kind of swab is done to detect viruses?

A

green viral swab

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12
Q

What virus causes shingelles?

A

varicella zoster virus

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13
Q

What colour is a FBC bottle?

A

purple

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14
Q

What colour is the top of the bottle you would take a sample for serology in?

A

yellow

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15
Q

What is the medical term for glandular fever?

A

infectious mononucleosis

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16
Q

What virus causes glandular fever?

A

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

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17
Q

Describe the blood film of a person infected with epstein-Barr virus

A

Atypical lymphocytes

These vary in form, have basophilic cytoplasm and prominent nucleoli

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18
Q

Describe the ELISA test method

A

Virus/ bacterial antigen adsorbed to wells of a plate. Unbound antigen is washed away
Patient serum added (usually in two fold dilutions). Plate is washed to remove unbound serum
Anti human IgG or anti human IgM antibodies that are precoupled with an enzyme are added. Plate is washed to remove unbound secondary antibodies
Enzyme substrate added
Colour change indicates positive test

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19
Q

What is the cut off for a significant EBV igM antibody titre in an ELISA test?

A

1/64

20
Q

Which antibody type is only detectable in the blood in primary EBV infection?

A

IgM

21
Q

Which organ enlarges in glandular fever?

A

the spleen

22
Q

What visual symptom can you get with glandular fever?

A

photophobia

23
Q

What can happen to the tonsils in a case of glandular fever?

A

reddening
swelling
white patches

24
Q

What can happen to the lymph nodes in glandular fever?

A

swelling

25
Q

Can you get a cough and a sore throat due to glandular fever?

A

yes

26
Q

in what time frame will a blood film come back from the lab?

A

hours

27
Q

In what time frame will PCR results come back from the lab?

A

next day

28
Q

How long will it take for acute EBV serology to come back from the lab?

A

1-2 days

29
Q

Anti-streptolysin O antibodies are produced in response to which exotoxin released by Streptococcus pyogenes ?

A

streptolysin O

30
Q

What test would you do to detect anti-streptolysin O antibodies?

A

latex agglutination test

31
Q

In a latex agglutination test, what does a positive result look like?

A

visible agglutination

32
Q

What advice would you have to give to a rugby player with glandular fever?

A

avoid playing contact sports for at least 6 weeks to avoid splenic rupture

33
Q

What drug can you give to patients with flu?

A

neuraminidase inhibitors

34
Q

What does qPCR stand for?

A

quantitative PCR

35
Q

How does qPCR quantify DNA?

A

using a flourescent dye that binds to DNA molcules and produces a light signal

36
Q

What does CMV stand for?

A

cytomegalovirus

37
Q

What drug would you give to treat CMV colitis?

A

ganciclovir

38
Q

What three different markers in the blood can HIV test look for ?

A

Antibody, p24 antigen, HIV RNA

39
Q

In STH what is the first test done for HIV?

A

Roche COBAS assay

40
Q

If the Roche COBAS assay test for HIV comes back positive, which tests are then done to confirm the diagnosis?

A

Liason X and line assay

41
Q

What do all new positive tests require for confirmation?

A

A second bleed from the patient

42
Q

Which test is routinely used for HIV screening in the UK that can simultaneously detect the presence of antigen and antibody and can come back positive often within two weeks of infection?

A

fourth generation assays

43
Q

What would you expect CSF protein and glucose to look like in viral meningitis?

A

normal

44
Q

What rapid diagnostic test can be done for meningitis?

A

white cell count

45
Q

What tests are done on a CSF sample in the lab?

A

cell count and differential
gram stain for organisms
qPCR for virus and bacterial pathogens
protein and glucose

Phase 2a Introduction to clinical sciences (8 decks)

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