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Bioprocess Engineering > Microbiology: The basics > Flashcards

Microbiology: The basics Flashcards

1
Q

List the Hierarchial system

A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Class
  4. Order
  5. Family
  6. Genus
  7. Species
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2
Q

Name the 6 Kingdoms

A
  1. Eubacteria (prokaryotic)
  2. Archaebacteria (prokaryotic)
  3. Protista (eukaryotic)
  4. Plantae (eukaryotic)
  5. Animalia (eukaryotic)
  6. Fungi (eukaryotic)
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3
Q

List the three taxonomic domains

A
  1. Eubacteria (prokaryotic cells)
  2. Archaebacteria (procaryotic cells)
  3. Eukarya (eukaryotic cells)
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4
Q

Eukaryotic organisms are

A

multicellular organisms

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5
Q

Prokaryotic organisms are

A

unicellular organisms

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6
Q

What is the nomenclature for the Linnean System?

A

Genus name:
First letter capital and everything in italics
Species name:
Everything in lower case and everything in italics

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7
Q

Are prokaryotes always bacteria?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Many fungi form a bunch of fine tubes called

A

hyphae

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9
Q

Spores

A

Fungi use spores for asexual propagation - the spores are called conidia

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10
Q

Is yeast a single-celled fungus?

A

Yes

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11
Q

How does a colony of cells form?

A

Starts with one cell that grows exponentially until it forms a little heap of cells.

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12
Q

What is a budding ring?

A

A budding ring forms when a yeast cell forms a daughter cell (or a bud), which then separates from the mother cell.

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13
Q

Bacteria are usually ___ than yeast.

A

Bacteria are usually smaller than yeast.

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14
Q

List the prokaryotic morphological types

A 
Spherical: cocci
Rod-shaped: bacilli
Curved: vibrios
Spiral: spirilli
Helical: spirochetes
Filamentous: actinomycetes
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15
Q

Prokaryotes contain amorphous cytoplasmic mass surrounded by

A

the cell membrane

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16
Q

The bacterial cell wall contains

A

peptidoglycan.

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17
Q

List three facts of Archaea

A

Are single-celled microorganisms
They are obligate anaerobes
They have large potential in bioprocesses
They have the ability to perform in adverse conditions

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18
Q

Sulfolobus

A

Acidothermophilic archaea which grow at an optimal temperature of 80 C and a pH below 3 which are used for bioleaching Cu from sulphite ores.

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19
Q

Methanopyrus

A

Methanogen that can survive at a temperature of 120 C and has the potential for energy generation and CO2 sequestration

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20
Q

Thermophilic means

A

can withstand high temperatures

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21
Q

Halophilic mean

A

can withstand high salt concentration

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22
Q

Cryophilic means

A

can withstand low temperatures

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23
Q

List four facts on Prokaryotes

A
  1. Unicellular microorganisms
  2. Replicate by binary fission only
  3. Assume Monod growth kinetics (exponential growth)
  4. May exist singly, in pairs, chains or clusters
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24
Q

What is the function of peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall?

A

Confers structural strength and protection against osmostic pressure.

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25
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane in a prokaryote?

A

The cell membrane lines the cell wall with folds that permeate into the cytoplasm.

26
Q

What does the cell plasma membrane consist of?

A

The cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer where the hydrophilic phosphate groups orientate towards the aqueous phases internal and external to the cell.

27
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A
  • Surrounds/contains the cytoplasm
  • Selective semi-permeable layer
  • controls the flow of nutrients into the cell
  • where waste material is released
  • involved in the transport of molecules
  • site of many metabolic functions
  • site of special transporters
28
Q

Where are double-stranded DNA and ribosomes housed?

A

In the cytoplasm

29
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Plasmids are circular double-stranded DNA that are capable of replicating when transferred to a suitable host.

30
Q

What do some bacteria have for mobility?

A

Flagellum or flagella

31
Q

Gram positive

A

relatively thick cell wall of more than 50% peptidoglycan, retains crystal violet strain on decolourisation with acetone or alcohol

32
Q

Gram negative

A

less peptidoglycan that gram positive (10%) and additional outer lipopolysaccharide membrane - double layer cell wall
stains red with gram test (dangerous bacterias)

33
Q

What do the cell walls of different microorganisms consist of?

A

Bacteria: peptidoglycan
Algae: Cellulose and pectin
Diatoms: Silica
Fungi: Chitin, cellulose, glucan

34
Q

What forms part of the cell envelope?

A

The cell wall and the plasma membrane forms part of the cell envelope.

35
Q

Cell membrane in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Similar

36
Q

What is the cell membrane structure?

A

Fluid mosaic model
Membranes consist of lipid bilayers
Two sheets of molecules arranged end-to-end
Proteins embedded within these layers
Lipid bi-layers consist of phospholipids
Amphipathic – polar “heads” & non-polar “tails”
Hydrophilic heads interact with water
Hydrophobic tails self-organize toward each other

37
Q

Name the two types of bacterial cell wall:

A

Gram positive and gram negative

38
Q

Different types of transport into a cell

A
  • Passive diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Active transport
  • Group translocation
39
Q

Describe passive diffusion

A

Simple diffusion

With the concentration gradient of a molecule

40
Q

Describe facilitated diffusion

A

Molecules move over membrane with assistance of transport proteins
Channel proteins or carrier proteins
Greater rate of diffusion than passive diffusion

41
Q

Describe active transport

A

Transport of a molecule against its concentration gradient
Requires metabolic energy (ATP)
Uses carrier proteins

42
Q

Describe translocation

A

Molecules are chemically modified during transport
Uses a group of enzymes in the membrane and cytoplasm, with ATP
Usually for sugar transport

43
Q

Describe the nucleoid in prokaryotes

A

Genetic material

Area with high concentration of genetic material

Bacterial DNA floats freely in cytoplasm

Supercoiled – only uncoils when replicated

1 to 2 chromosomes

Prokaryotes only

Plasmids are free-floating extra-chromosomal genetic material

Common tool for genetic engineering

44
Q

Describe the nucleas in eukaryotes

A

Contains the genetic material

Links up to Rough ER

Chromosome: Supercoiled DNA

Chromatin: condensed, unraveled DNA

Nucleolus: Condensed region of chromatin where ribosomes are synthesized

Nuclear pores: Transport of specific proteins into nucleus, e.g. for DNA replication

45
Q

Rough ER function

A
  • Rough ER has ribosomes

- Transports RNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis

46
Q

Smooth ER function

A
  • Smooth ER does not have ribosomes

- Synthesis and transport of lipids, phospholipids and sterols

47
Q

Ribosome function

A

Protein synthesis
(All organisms have these structures)
consist of rRNA and several proteins

48
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Only in eukaryotic cell
-Packages materials (typically proteins and lipids) usually for export out of the cell.
(Packages molecules in secretory vesicle which allows it to cross the cell membrane).

49
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • only in eukaryotes
  • Site of key metabolic processes
  • TCA cycle & oxidative phosphorylation
  • ATP production
50
Q

Where does bacterial energy production occur?

A

In the cell membrane

51
Q

Functions of flagella

A
  • Movement
  • Swarming
  • Attachment
52
Q

Endospores function

A

Endospores are a survival structure

53
Q

Why are endospores a problem for the bioprocess engineer?

A 
Source of persistent contamination
Resistant to environmental stresses such as:
Heat
UV
Gamma radiation
Chemical disinfectants
Desiccation
i.e. difficult to sterilize
54
Q

Challenges of working with fungi

A 
Hyphal mass:
-difficult to sample
-High viscosity (more subject to shear forces)
-mass transfer
-Gradients
Pellet formation 
-Oxygen mass transfer to cells
High biomass implies oxygen limitation
55
Q

Challenges of working with microorganisms

A 
Endospores
-Survival structures in bacteria
-Difficult to eradicate from bioreactor
-Source of contamination
Slime formation
-Polysaccharides
-Carbon storage
-Wall growth
-Viscosity
-Separation issues
56
Q

Heterotrophs use ___ as a carbon source

A

organic carbon materials

57
Q

Autotrophs use ___ as a carbon source

A

carbon dioxide

58
Q

Chemo-heterotrophs use ___ for energy generation

A

organic compounds

59
Q

Photo-heterotrophs use ___ for energy generation

A

light

60
Q

Chemo-autotrophs use ___ for energy generation

A

inorganic compounds

Bioprocess Engineering (6 decks)

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