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Bioprocess Engineering > Microbiology: The basics > Flashcards

Microbiology: The basics Flashcards

1
Q

List the Hierarchial system

A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Class
  4. Order
  5. Family
  6. Genus
  7. Species
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2
Q

Name the 6 Kingdoms

A
  1. Eubacteria (prokaryotic)
  2. Archaebacteria (prokaryotic)
  3. Protista (eukaryotic)
  4. Plantae (eukaryotic)
  5. Animalia (eukaryotic)
  6. Fungi (eukaryotic)
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3
Q

List the three taxonomic domains

A
  1. Eubacteria (prokaryotic cells)
  2. Archaebacteria (procaryotic cells)
  3. Eukarya (eukaryotic cells)
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4
Q

Eukaryotic organisms are

A

multicellular organisms

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5
Q

Prokaryotic organisms are

A

unicellular organisms

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6
Q

What is the nomenclature for the Linnean System?

A

Genus name:
First letter capital and everything in italics
Species name:
Everything in lower case and everything in italics

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7
Q

Are prokaryotes always bacteria?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Many fungi form a bunch of fine tubes called

A

hyphae

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9
Q

Spores

A

Fungi use spores for asexual propagation - the spores are called conidia

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10
Q

Is yeast a single-celled fungus?

A

Yes

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11
Q

How does a colony of cells form?

A

Starts with one cell that grows exponentially until it forms a little heap of cells.

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12
Q

What is a budding ring?

A

A budding ring forms when a yeast cell forms a daughter cell (or a bud), which then separates from the mother cell.

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13
Q

Bacteria are usually ___ than yeast.

A

Bacteria are usually smaller than yeast.

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14
Q

List the prokaryotic morphological types

A 
Spherical: cocci
Rod-shaped: bacilli
Curved: vibrios
Spiral: spirilli
Helical: spirochetes
Filamentous: actinomycetes
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15
Q

Prokaryotes contain amorphous cytoplasmic mass surrounded by

A

the cell membrane

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16
Q

The bacterial cell wall contains

A

peptidoglycan.

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17
Q

List three facts of Archaea

A

Are single-celled microorganisms
They are obligate anaerobes
They have large potential in bioprocesses
They have the ability to perform in adverse conditions

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18
Q

Sulfolobus

A

Acidothermophilic archaea which grow at an optimal temperature of 80 C and a pH below 3 which are used for bioleaching Cu from sulphite ores.

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19
Q

Methanopyrus

A

Methanogen that can survive at a temperature of 120 C and has the potential for energy generation and CO2 sequestration

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20
Q

Thermophilic means

A

can withstand high temperatures

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21
Q

Halophilic mean

A

can withstand high salt concentration

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22
Q

Cryophilic means

A

can withstand low temperatures

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23
Q

List four facts on Prokaryotes

A
  1. Unicellular microorganisms
  2. Replicate by binary fission only
  3. Assume Monod growth kinetics (exponential growth)
  4. May exist singly, in pairs, chains or clusters
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24
Q

What is the function of peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall?

A

Confers structural strength and protection against osmostic pressure.

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25
What is the function of the cell membrane in a prokaryote?
The cell membrane lines the cell wall with folds that permeate into the cytoplasm.
26
What does the cell plasma membrane consist of?
The cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer where the hydrophilic phosphate groups orientate towards the aqueous phases internal and external to the cell.
27
What is the function of the cell membrane?
- Surrounds/contains the cytoplasm - Selective semi-permeable layer - controls the flow of nutrients into the cell - where waste material is released - involved in the transport of molecules - site of many metabolic functions - site of special transporters
28
Where are double-stranded DNA and ribosomes housed?
In the cytoplasm
29
What are plasmids?
Plasmids are circular double-stranded DNA that are capable of replicating when transferred to a suitable host.
30
What do some bacteria have for mobility?
Flagellum or flagella
31
Gram positive
relatively thick cell wall of more than 50% peptidoglycan, retains crystal violet strain on decolourisation with acetone or alcohol
32
Gram negative
less peptidoglycan that gram positive (10%) and additional outer lipopolysaccharide membrane - double layer cell wall stains red with gram test (dangerous bacterias)
33
What do the cell walls of different microorganisms consist of?
Bacteria: peptidoglycan Algae: Cellulose and pectin Diatoms: Silica Fungi: Chitin, cellulose, glucan
34
What forms part of the cell envelope?
The cell wall and the plasma membrane forms part of the cell envelope.
35
Cell membrane in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Similar
36
What is the cell membrane structure?
Fluid mosaic model Membranes consist of lipid bilayers Two sheets of molecules arranged end-to-end Proteins embedded within these layers Lipid bi-layers consist of phospholipids Amphipathic – polar “heads” & non-polar “tails” Hydrophilic heads interact with water Hydrophobic tails self-organize toward each other
37
Name the two types of bacterial cell wall:
Gram positive and gram negative
38
Different types of transport into a cell
- Passive diffusion - Facilitated diffusion - Active transport - Group translocation
39
Describe passive diffusion
Simple diffusion | With the concentration gradient of a molecule
40
Describe facilitated diffusion
Molecules move over membrane with assistance of transport proteins Channel proteins or carrier proteins Greater rate of diffusion than passive diffusion
41
Describe active transport
Transport of a molecule against its concentration gradient Requires metabolic energy (ATP) Uses carrier proteins
42
Describe translocation
Molecules are chemically modified during transport Uses a group of enzymes in the membrane and cytoplasm, with ATP Usually for sugar transport
43
Describe the nucleoid in prokaryotes
Genetic material Area with high concentration of genetic material Bacterial DNA floats freely in cytoplasm Supercoiled – only uncoils when replicated 1 to 2 chromosomes Prokaryotes only Plasmids are free-floating extra-chromosomal genetic material Common tool for genetic engineering
44
Describe the nucleas in eukaryotes
Contains the genetic material Links up to Rough ER Chromosome: Supercoiled DNA Chromatin: condensed, unraveled DNA Nucleolus: Condensed region of chromatin where ribosomes are synthesized Nuclear pores: Transport of specific proteins into nucleus, e.g. for DNA replication
45
Rough ER function
- Rough ER has ribosomes | - Transports RNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis
46
Smooth ER function
- Smooth ER does not have ribosomes | - Synthesis and transport of lipids, phospholipids and sterols
47
Ribosome function
Protein synthesis (All organisms have these structures) consist of rRNA and several proteins
48
Golgi apparatus
Only in eukaryotic cell -Packages materials (typically proteins and lipids) usually for export out of the cell. (Packages molecules in secretory vesicle which allows it to cross the cell membrane).
49
Mitochondria
- only in eukaryotes - Site of key metabolic processes - TCA cycle & oxidative phosphorylation - ATP production
50
Where does bacterial energy production occur?
In the cell membrane
51
Functions of flagella
- Movement - Swarming - Attachment
52
Endospores function
Endospores are a survival structure
53
Why are endospores a problem for the bioprocess engineer?
``` Source of persistent contamination Resistant to environmental stresses such as: Heat UV Gamma radiation Chemical disinfectants Desiccation i.e. difficult to sterilize ```
54
Challenges of working with fungi
``` Hyphal mass: -difficult to sample -High viscosity (more subject to shear forces) -mass transfer -Gradients Pellet formation -Oxygen mass transfer to cells High biomass implies oxygen limitation ```
55
Challenges of working with microorganisms
``` Endospores -Survival structures in bacteria -Difficult to eradicate from bioreactor -Source of contamination Slime formation -Polysaccharides -Carbon storage -Wall growth -Viscosity -Separation issues ```
56
Heterotrophs use ___ as a carbon source
organic carbon materials
57
Autotrophs use ___ as a carbon source
carbon dioxide
58
Chemo-heterotrophs use ___ for energy generation
organic compounds
59
Photo-heterotrophs use ___ for energy generation
light
60
Chemo-autotrophs use ___ for energy generation
inorganic compounds

Bioprocess Engineering (6 decks)

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