Microbiology Flashcards
Three stages of Bioprocesses
Preparation
production
purification
The preparation stage of bioprocesses include
nutrient media
equipment sterilization
The production stage of bioprocesses
bioreaction kinetics
oxygen transfer
operational strategy
The purification stage of bioprocesses
Separation operations
Another factor that is central to a successful bioprocess
biocatalyst which is capable of utilising substrate efficiently and forming the desired product with few or no by-products.
Name the three primary taxonomic domains
Procaryotic cells: 1. Eubacteria 2. Archaebacteria Eukaryotic cells: 3. Eukarya
Name the kingdoms and under which domain they are classified
Domains:
- Eubacteria
- Archaebacteria
- Eukarya
- 1 protists
- 2 fungi
- 3 plants
- 4 animals
The most ancient form of life linked to our evolutionary roots
archaea
Imagine the Phylogenetic Tree of life, and what the nodes and branches mean as how the differents domains evolved
Common ancestor -> eubacteria
-> Archaebacteria -> Eukarya
Nodes/branch points: points in evolution where different ranks split from each other to form separate lineages or branches
Branches identify evolutionary relationships between different species as defined by physical and/or genetic similarities and differences.
Binomial nomenclature is composed of (Latin binomial system)
generic and specific names
Genus species (written in italics)
Why do archaea have a high potential for industrial processes
Ability to perform in adverse conditions (high temperatures = high reaction rates)
Example and explanation of an acidothermophilic archaea
Sulfolobus - used for bioleaching of Cu from sulfide ores
archaea which grow at an optimal temperature around 80 C and a pH below 3
Example and explanation of a methanogen
Methanopyrus
can survive at a temp of 120 C and has a potential for energy generation and CO2 sequestration
Attributes that can be harvested via enzymes from archaea in extreme environments
thermophilic
halophilic
cryophilic
Prokaryotes define
unicellular microorganisms
replicate via binary fission only
result in daughter cells of identical morphology
Binary fission is an assumption of
Monod growth kinetics - predicts an exponential increase in cell concentration during non-limited growth in batch culture.
Monod kinetics is regarded as the basis for most biokinetic models and forms the foundation of the majority of continuous and fed-batch bioprocess design equations.
most common prokaryotic morphological types
Spherical (cocci) 1-2 micrometers rod-shaped (bacilli) 1-10 micrometers curved (vibrios) spiral (spirilli) helical (spirochetes) filamentous (actinomycetes) up to 30 micrometers
Cell size and groupings…
important parameters when selecting appropriate solid/liquid separation operations during downstream processing
Endospores
Inert, resting cells
Have a 2-phase life cycle
- vegetative cell - metabolically active and growing
- endospore - when exposed to adverse environmental conditions are capable of high resistance and longe term survival
Sporulation
formation of endospores when conditions are not good to reproduce
- withstand extremes in heat, drying, freezing, radiation, and chemicals
- not a means of reproduction - just create one cell to “keep”
Budding index
Degree of budding
Cell growth by binary fission with budding
Usually well approximated by Monod growth kinetics - but the extent of budding should be quantified.
Dimorphic yeats
follow a linear rather than exponential model - Monod growth kinetics do not apply
