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Clinical Science > Microbiology Refresher - Viruses and Fungi > Flashcards

Microbiology Refresher - Viruses and Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

What are the single most important cause of infectious disease morbidity and mortality worldwide?

A

viruses

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2
Q

What is going to expose us to new and emerging pathogens/viruses?

A

continued destruction of natural habitats and interactions with wildlife

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3
Q

What describes what happened around 1908, where an event occurred which was possibly the first contact between humans and HIV virus?

A

The “cut hunter” hypothesis

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4
Q

What is the hypothesis that describes a chimp and human hunter had a bloody encounter and the human acquired SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) which later mutated to HIV?

A

the “cut hunter” hypothesis

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5
Q

Most research of viruses in humans is centered on viruses of what?

A

the respiratory tract

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6
Q

Constant exposure to a variety of viruses does what?

A

primes our immune system (may be beneficial or detrimental)

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7
Q

What has been linked to systemic inflammatory diseases?

A

viruses

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8
Q

What causes inflammation and multi-organ disease?

A

HIV

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9
Q

What is linked to MS?

A

epstein-barr virus

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10
Q

Viral infections prime the T-helper cell 1 system which acts as what?

A

protective immunity (more exposure=more immunity)

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11
Q

What is linked to allergic diseases including asthma?

A

Th2

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12
Q

Viruses alter the respiratory epithelium and promote (1)?

A
  1. secondary bacterial infections (influenza and epstein-barr)
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13
Q

What are some common pathogenic viruses in humans?

A
  • respiratory viruses
  • gastrointestinal tract viruses
  • skin viruses
  • other viruses (Zika)
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14
Q

Viruses may have what that is not encoded by the genome of the virus?

A

a lipid envelope

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15
Q

What can viruses do to the lipid envelope from the host as it buds off the host cell?

A

they can steal the lipid envelope

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16
Q

What uses its own DNA or RNA to encode the protein spikes on the lipid envelope?

A

viruses

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17
Q

What can changes in spike proteins on viruses lead to?

A

resistance in treatment

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18
Q

What are the different types of viral capsids?

A
  • enveloped
  • helical
  • polyhedral
  • icosahedral
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19
Q

What types of viruses dry out easier and are usually transmitted by respiratory, parenteral (blood), and sexual routes?

A

viruses with lipid envelopes

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20
Q

What types of viruses are more stable and usually transmitted in the fecal-oral route?

A

viruses without lipid envelopes

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21
Q

How are viruses classified?

A
  1. type and structure of viral nucleic acid used for replication (DNA vs. RNA)
  2. symmetry of viral capsid
  3. presence or absence of a lipid envelope of the virus
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22
Q

Where are the different locations of viral replication?

A
  • DNA viruses - in nucleus
  • RNA - in cytoplasm of host
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23
Q

What uses reverse transcriptase to reverse transcribe the RNA in their own genome into DNA, which is then incorporated into host cells?

A

retroviruses (HIV)

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24
Q

What are the steps that occur when the virus meets the host?

A
  1. attaches to host cells
  2. receptors on virus attach itself to specific viral receptors of the host cell
  3. virus enters host cell by fusion or endocytosis
  4. viral capsule disassembles
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25
Q

Once the virus has entered the host cell, it uses some of its own proteins and host ribosomes to (1), creating many (2)

A
  1. reproduce
  2. viral progeny
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26
Q

Release of viral progeny occurs by what ways?

A
  1. budding from cell membrane
  2. secretion
  3. cell lysis
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27
Q

What can induce apoptosis in host cells?

A

RNA and DNA viruses

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28
Q

What results in damage to host cell structure and sometimes death of infected host cells?

A

apoptosis

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29
Q

What is the mechanism of infection for influenza?

A
  • upon meeting respiratory epithelium, hemagglutinin on envelope of virus attaches to sialic acid receptor on epithelial cell surface
  • viral structure is internalized into cell in an endosome
  • further changes allow genetic material of virus to uncoat, leave the virus, and enter the cytoplasm, making its way to the nucleus
  • within nucleus, viral RNA replication occurs, formed viral progeny and releasing to cell surface
  • neuraminidase allows virus to “escape” cell and “not stick” to surface of host cell
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30
Q

What allows influenza virus to escape cell and not stick to surface of host cell?

A

neuraminidase

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31
Q

What are direct methods of virus transmission?

A
  • person-to-person
  • droplet
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32
Q

What are indirect methods of virus transmission?

A
  • fecal-oral
  • airborne
  • fomite (surface)
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33
Q

What are vector methods of virus transmission?

A
  • insect bite
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34
Q

What type of viruses produce characteristic upper respiratory symptoms?

A

common cold viruses

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35
Q

What type of virus has a recognizable rash?

A

chicken pox (varicella virus)

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36
Q

What type of virus causes anosmia (inability to smell) and characteristic changes on lung imaging?

A

COVID-19 (delta variant)

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37
Q

What may help in diagnosing viruses?

A

non-specific testing such as CBC panels

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38
Q

What is often normal in viral infections?

A

WBC

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39
Q

What are some different specific tests that exist for viruses?

A
  • COVID test
  • Influenza test
  • mono (EBV) testing
40
Q

What can be used to diagnose viral infections, but is not performed routinely because it is very expensive?

A

respiratory pathogen panel

41
Q

Respiratory pathogen panels are most often used in what type of setting?

A

hospital settings for patients who are critically ill

42
Q

Respiratory pathogen panels can show what types of organisms?

A
  • viruses
  • atypical bacteria
43
Q

What do antiviral treatment mechanisms interfere with?

A
  • binding to host cell
  • penetration of virus into cell
  • action of viral polymerases involved in replication of virus
  • release of virus from infected cell
44
Q

Influenza antivirals bind to (1) so progeny cannot be released?

A
  1. neuraminidase
45
Q

What does this describe:
- each antibody is produced by a specific B cell line
- targets a specific antigen on the cell surface

A

monoclonal antibodies

46
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies used to treat?

A
  • cancer
  • various autoimmune diseases (MS, rheumatoid arthritis)
47
Q

generally, most antivirals are targeted toward?

48
Q

In severe cases (where catastrophic consequences can result), patients can be started on what until diagnosis is known?

A

antivirals and antibiotics

49
Q

Depending on the symptoms, the standard of care may be to not identify the viral pathogen at all. This could be the cases in which illnesses?

A
  • common cold
  • acute sinusitis
  • acute bronchitis
  • most pneumonia treated outpatient basis
50
Q

Viral pneumonia may be (1) while bacterial pneumonia may be (2)

A
  1. bilateral
  2. unilateral
51
Q

Even if you have viral pneumonia, what is usually given?

A

antibiotics because a secondary bacterial infection usually occurs

52
Q

What can be divided into yeasts and molds?

A

fungal infections

53
Q

Yeasts are (1) organisms while molds are (2) organisms

A
  1. unicellular
  2. multicellular
54
Q

How do yeasts reproduce?

A

asexually by budding

55
Q

What can be identified through microscopic identification of budding (ovals) or present of hyphae?

56
Q

What is a common example of a yeast that causes disease?

A

Candida albicans

57
Q

What appears as filamentous structures and appear “fuzzy” or “fluffy” or “velvety” when grown on agar?

58
Q

What is a common mold that can cause disease?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

59
Q

What is a predominant yeast found on and in the human body and can cause infection of the oral cavity, GI tract, and vagina?

60
Q

Patients with immunosuppression or on recent antibiotics have increased risk for (1) infection

61
Q

What does it mean if Candida is found on blood culture?

A

likely pathogenic

62
Q

Constant environmental exposure to fungi can lead to?

A

fungal infections

63
Q

What are ways we are exposed to fungal infections?

A
  • walking barefoot through shower at gym
  • getting pedicure done
  • exploring cave or ruined building
  • breathing
64
Q

Fungi have 400 million species. Of these 400 million, how many are pathogenic?

65
Q

What typically fends off most fungi?

A

a well-functioning immune system (our body temp is not ideal for fungi survival)

66
Q

How are fungal infections typically acquired through?

A

spread of microscopic spores

67
Q

Where do most fungal infections begin?

A
  • skin (through contact)
  • respiratory tract/lungs (breathing in spores)
68
Q

Why are fungal infections on the rise worldwide?

A
  1. global warming (increase in temp=warmer and damper environment for fungus to grow)
  2. heat stress from global warming can make fungi more pathogenic
  3. immunosuppression is becoming more common
  4. increasing use of medical devices (catheters) that can be colonized by fungi
69
Q

Likelihood of pandemic related to fungal infection is (1) due to method of transmission and innate ability to handle

70
Q

In an immunocompromised individual, most fungi are (1)

A
  1. pathogenic
71
Q

What individuals are considered immunocompromised?

A
  • congenital syndromes resulting in altered immune system
  • HIV
  • organ/stem cell transplant
  • immunosuppressive medications
72
Q

What are examples of congenital syndromes resulting in altered immune system?

A
  • complement deficiencies
  • B cell defects
73
Q

What are some diseases where immunosuppressive medications are needed?

A
  • Crohn’s Disease
  • lupus
  • plaque psoriasis
74
Q

What are more common in immunocompromised patients?

A

systemic mycoses

75
Q

What are fungi that need keratin (skin, hair, nails) to grow?

A

dermatophytes

76
Q

What do not generally grow in living tissue?

A

dermatophytes

77
Q

What do dermatophytes typically cause?

A

dermatologic conditions

78
Q

What may require skin/hair scraping, nail sampling or biopsy to diagnose uncertain cases?

A

dermatophytes

79
Q

What does the terminology of dermatophytes start with?

80
Q

Intertrigo is a fungal infection with what?

A

Candida albicans

81
Q

What does intertrigo flourish in?

A

warm, moist regions (under breasts)

82
Q

What is another name for Tinea corporis?

83
Q

What is caused by dermatophyte (genera of Trichophyton and Microsporum) and spreads very easily?

A

Tinea corporis

84
Q

Fungal skin infections typically respond to what treatment methods?

A

oral or topical antifungal treatments

85
Q

What does not usually provide any clues to a fungal skin infection?

A

blood testing

86
Q

If oral or topical antifungal treatments for fungal skin infections is ineffective or diagnosis in doubt, what can you do to examine the specimen?

A
  • skin scraping
  • KOH examination
87
Q

What should you look for in skin scraping and KOH examinations?

A
  • hyphae, pseudohyphae, budding yeast (branching hyphae)
88
Q

Some benign pathogens (to normal immune system) may be fatal to who

A

HIV patient

89
Q

In HIV and immunosuppression patients, fungi can be invasive to an (1) level?

90
Q

Fungal pneumonia can be found in who?

A

HIV and immunosuppression patients

91
Q

If fungal pneumonia or fungal organisms such as pneumocystis jirovecii, cryptococcus neoformans, and histoplasma capsulatum is identified in a patient with an invasive infection, what should you check?

A

HIV status

92
Q

What should you perform with patients with systemic mycoses?

A

perform a complete history and physical

93
Q

What are the characteristics of patients with systemic mycoses?

A
  • can be mildly to critically ill
  • fungal infections commonly missed
  • have higher suspicion in immunocompromised patients
94
Q

In patients with systemic mycoses, what can you use to diagnose fungal infections?

A
  • blood cultures
  • tissue cultures
  • other pertinent body fluids
95
Q

Cultures for fungal infections grow (1)

96
Q

Because fungal infections grow very slow, what does this do?

A
  • makes fungal infections harder to diagnose
  • patients may have been treated with antibiotics but did not get better

Clinical Science (18 decks)

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