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Year 2 - GI System > Microbiology Of Diarrhoeal Disease > Flashcards

Microbiology Of Diarrhoeal Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathogenesis of bacterial pathogens?

A

Invasion and toxin release

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2
Q

Give examples of protozoal pathogen infections that cause diarrhoea.

A

Cryptosporidium, giardia

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3
Q

What is the pathogenesis of a protozoal infection?

A

Invasion, followed by secretory products

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4
Q

Give examples of viral infection that can cause diarrhoea.

A

Norovirus, astrovirus and rotavirus

Also, HIV when associated with long infection and carriage of other pathogens

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5
Q

What is the pathogenesis of a viral infection?

A

Local invasion, cytopl this effect and lastly cell destruction

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6
Q

Name some of the host factors that would make them more susceptible to infection

A

Species, genotype, age, personal hygiene, gastric acidity and other physical barriers, intestinal motility, enteric microflora, immunity, non-specific protective factors in human milk, intestinal receptors and iatrogenic factors

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7
Q

What microbial factors affect how infectious they are?

A

Toxins, attachment, invasiveness, infectious dose. And other virulence factors

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8
Q

What is the infectious dose of shigella?

A

10 to 100 organisms

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9
Q

What is the infectious dose of campylobacter jejuni?

A

100 to 1,000,000 organisms

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10
Q

What is the infectious dose of salmonella?

A

100,00 organisms

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11
Q

What is the infectious dose of vibrio cholerae?

A

100,000,000 organisms

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12
Q

What is the infectious dose of giardia lamblia?

A

10 - 100 cysts

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13
Q

What are the three groups of enteric bacterial toxins?

A

Neurotoxin group
Secretory enterotoxin group
Cytotoxic group

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14
Q

Name some of the bacteria from the neurotoxin group.

A 
Clostridium botulinum
Staphylococcus aureus (enterotoxin b) 
Bacillus cereus (emetic toxin)
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15
Q

Name some of the bacteria from the secretory enterotoxin group.

A 
Vibrio cholerae (cAMP)
Nonchloerae vibrios
E.coli LT, STa and STb
Salmonella
Klebsiella
Clostridium perfringens 
Shigella dysentery 
B.cerus
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16
Q

Name some of the bacteria in the cytotoxic group.

A 
Shigella
S.aureus
Vibrio paraheamolyticus 
Clostridium difficile
E.coli, EHEC
Campylobacter jejuni 
H.Pylori
Bacteriodies fragilis
17
Q

What are the three main mechanisms of enteric infection by bacteria?

A

Noninflammatory (enterotoxin or adherence)
Inflammatory (invasion, cytotoxin)
Penetrating

18
Q

Give an example of illnesses caused by noninflammatory, inflammatory and penetrating infections.

A
  • proximal small bowel problems causing watery diarrhoea
  • problems in the colon, causing dysentery
  • enteric fever found in the distal small bowel
19
Q

What would be found in the stool in noninflammatory, inflammatory and penetrating infections?

A
  • no fecal leukocytes, and a mild (or no) rise in lactoferrin
  • presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and a large increase in lactoferrin
  • presence of feacal mononuclear leukocytes
20
Q

Give some examples of bacteria that cause noninflammatory infections.

A 
Vibrio cholerae
E.coli, EHEC, LT, ST
Clostridium perfringens 
Bacillus cereus
Staphylococcus aureus
21
Q

Give some examples of bacteria that cause inflammatory infections.

A 
Shigella
E.coli (EIEC, EHEC)
Salmonella
Vibrio paraheamolyticus 
Clostridium difficile
Campylobacter jejuni
22
Q

Give some examples of bacteria that cause penetrative infections.

A

Salmonella
Yersinia
Enterocolitica
Campylobacter fetus

23
Q

Name some of the tests that are used in organism identification.

A 
Selective culture media
Differential culture media
Macroscopic and microscopic appearance 
Staining - gram, auramine
Serology - e.g. Salmonella
Biochemical gets - single tests, APIs, fermentation reactions
Agglutination tests
Cell culture and cytopathic effects
Rapid tests - LDH, rotavirus
Reference and lab testing - non-molecular and molecular
24
Q

What history would you ask of someone with severe diarrhoea?

A

Fever, Blood, Seafood, Antibiotic use, Weight loss, Travel, Outbreak, Sexual experience, Abdominal pain, Immunosupression and you must also obtain a stool for WBCs and parasites

25
Q

Give the five main mechanisms of treatment for bacterial diarrhoea.

A

Conservative - rehydration and nutrient
Antibiotics - enteric fever, vaccine for C.diff
Surgery - for fulminant colitis (C.diff)
Infection control - single room or cohort isolation, hand hygiene
Public health - outbreak surveillance, exclusions and microbiological clearance

26
Q

Give examples of bacterial pathogens that cause diarrhoea.

A

Salmonella, shigella, E.coli, campylobacter, bacillus

Year 2 - GI System (18 decks)

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