Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 - GI System > Diarrhoea And Fluid Replacement Therpay > Flashcards

Diarrhoea And Fluid Replacement Therpay Flashcards

1
Q

Which electrolytes are most commonly absorbed in the small intestine?

A

Sodium and chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which electrolytes are most commonly REabsorbed in the large intestine?

A

Bicarbonate
Potassium
Chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does sodium enter the blood (concentration gradient )

A

The sodium in the intestinal cell is actively pumped out via the sodium-potassium pump on the basolateral membrane
- this creates a concentration gradient in the cell
Sodium in the lumen is dragged into the cell up the concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What membrane transporters can sodium use to enter the intestinal cells?

A

Sodium symporter - can co-transport vitamins, amino acids, peptides, bile salts and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How much water does an average persons take in and excrete in one day?

A

2000mls taken in

  • 100mls excreted as urine/faeces
  • 9000mls is turned over - this is where there is capacity for fluid loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does water get absorbed from the small intestine into the blood?

A

Paracellularly, following the sodium/concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of glucose during absorption of sodium?

A

Glucose aids the absorption of sodium into the cell, so helps establish the concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are oral-rehydration salts

A

These are a treatment for dehydration that utilises the glucose/sodium symporter to aid sodium uptake into the blood.
Isn’t a treatment of the cause of the diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the name of the glucose/sodium symporter in the small intestine (apical membrane)

A

SGLUT-1 transporter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s is the name of the glucose transporter found on the basolateral membrane of the small intestine cell?

A

GLUT-2 transporter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

On a basic level, what does the cholera toxins do to cause diarrhoea?

A

Counteract the electrolyte uptake in the intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do the enterotoxins released by the cholera do?

A

They activate the intracellular cAMP, activating protein kinase A and signalling CFTR
- cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator
This removes chloride from the cell, back into the lumen, shifting the concentration gradient, and keeping the water in the intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What must the water content of stool be before it’s considered diarrhoea?

A

Greater than 200mls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three types of diarrhoea?

A

Osmotic (malabsorptive)
Secretory
Inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the pathophysiology of osmotic diarrhoea?

A

Water-retention in the bowel due to an accumulation of non-absorptive water soluble substances
More fluid in the bowel, means the stool will travel faster and less water can be absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is most water and electrolytes absorbed?

A

The small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give examples of non-absorbable, osmotically active solutes that can cause osmotic diarrhoea?

A

Carbohydrates
Magnesium sulphate
Lactose - due to lack of lactate
- once this passes into the colon, it’s fermented by the gut microflora to produce gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is osmotic diarrhoea caused by?

A 
Laxatives
Antacids
Orlistat (a lipase inhibitor)
Deficiency of digestive enzymes (pancreatic insufficiency)
Short bowel syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can osmotic diarrhoea be resolved?

A

Fasting

Patient stops eating the non-absorbable substance

19
Q

What is the pathophysiology of secretory diarrhoea

A

This is due to an increase in secretion or decrease in absorption of bicarbonate, sodium, potassium and chloride.
Net secretion exceeds net absorption

20
Q

What are some of the causes of secretory diarrhoea?

A 
Acute infections - vibrio cholera 
Fat malabsorption
Failure of bile salt absorption
Laxative abuse
Some bacteria can even destroy the GAP junctions of cells of the bowel, causing water leakage
21
Q

What is the pathophysiology of inflammatory diarrhoea?

A

A result of exudation of mucus, blood and protein from sites of active inflammation within the bowel
This increases osmotic load and water shifts into the lumen
Also, if a large surface area is damaged, intestinal absorption will be impaired

22
Q

What can cause inflammatory diarrhoea?

A

Chrons disease or ulcerative colitis
Bacterial: Salmonella or E.coli
Viral: rotavirus or Norovirus
Protozoal: giardia or cryptosporidium

23
Q

What are the most common causes of diarrhoea in children worldwide?

A

Acute watery diarrhoea - due to dehydration

  • v.cholera, e.coli, rotavirus
    Bloody diarrhoea - intestinal damage and nutrition loss
  • shigella
24
Q

How is diarrhoea in children treated?

A

Fluid replacement to prevent dehydration (oral rehydration salts)
Zinc supplements to reduce severity and duration of diarrhoea
Feeding - to provide nutrients

25
Q

What are most of the worldwide deaths from diarrhoea attributed to?

A

Poor sanitisation, unsafe water and poor hygiene

26
Q

What can be done to reduce deaths from diarrhoea?

A 
Rotavirus/measles vaccination
Early breastfeeding and vitamin A supplements 
Community wide sanitation programme
Hand washing and soap
Better water quality
27
Q

What does the speed at which fluid should be replaced in someone with diarrhoea depend on?

A

Age
Renal function
Cardiovascular status

28
Q

What are the stages involved in assessing how much fluid to replace in someone with diarrhoea?

A 
Assess the clinical status
Asses intake and output
Address any electrolyte shifts
Replace the fluid
- daily need
- anticipated losses
- previous deficit
29
Q

What are the two types of IV fluid you should give a person with severe water loss (after ORS)

A

Colloids have a large molecular weight and can include albumin, HES and haemaccel
Crystalloids are more common, containing water and electrolytes. Examples are saline, dextrose, ringer-lactate and Hartmann’s

30
Q

What is the function of colloids?

A

They quickly increase the intravascular volume because they stay 100% in the blood vessel

31
Q

How much of any given saline solution stays within the vascular wall?

A

25%, the rest is spread between the interstitium and inside cells

32
Q

How much of any given dextrose solution stays within the vascular wall?

A

10% - glucose enters the cell, leaving the water in the blood. This water then diffuses into tissues for use

33
Q

When is a 5% dextrose solution required?

A

Because the dextrose is immediately metabolised to water and carbon dioxide, it’s used when only water replacement is required (no electrolyte loss)

34
Q

What is the standard crystalloid ratio during fluid replacement?

A

2 saline : 1 dextrose

35
Q

How would someone who needed fluid replacement and a treatment for acidosis be treated?

A

They would receive dextrose, saline and one of either Hartmann’s or ringer-lactate. These contain lactate which is metabolised within the body to bicarbonate.

36
Q

How fast would a person be infused with a 500ml bag of saline in an emergency situation?

A

Over the course of 2 hours

37
Q

What is the equation needed to work out how much water replacement is needed?

A

Fluid required = measured loss + insensible losses + previous day’s deficit

38
Q

How much time is needed for one bag to infuse in a standard rehydration regime?

A

6 hours

39
Q

Why don’t you just replace fluid in an individual as quickly as possible?

A

Because there is a risk of overwhelming the cardiovascular system with too much fluid

40
Q

In which body compartment does the potassium concentration have to be tightly maintained?

A

The intravascular compartment - must be between 3.5-5mmol/l

41
Q

What happens when the potassium concentration is too high or too low?

A

Cardiac arrhythmias

Also causes more of a problem in renal patients

42
Q

How is potassium administered?

A

IV - stating the final volume of potassium required over a certain amount of time
- e.g. 20mmol/l in saline over 8 hours

43
Q

What’s the maximum concentration and rate that potassium can be delivered peripherally?

A

40mmol/l is the maximum concentration that can be administered peripherally
The maximum rate is 10mmol/hr, unless there is cardiac monitoring or a central line, then it can be increased to 20mmol/hr

44
Q

At what potassium plasma level would you have baseline ECG monitoring, and at what level would you have cardiac monitoring?

A

A baseline ECG is needed if potassium is less than 3mmol/l

Cardiac monitoring is required if potassium is less than 2.5mmol/l

45
Q

Why is potassium loss a problem in diarrhoea?

A

Because potassium is secreted in the large intestines and is dragged out faster by the decreased osmolality of the luminal contents.

46
Q

How much potassium needs to be given a day (minimum) if there’s no oral intake?

A

60-80mmol/day, because that is how much a normal person loses and needs to replace in the diet.

Year 2 - GI System (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions