Microbiology II Flashcards
1
Q
Protozoa
A
Eukaryotic (unicellular) organisms with organelles that function in nutrition or locomotion
Trophozoites (growing stage)- feed by engulfing particles and move by flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia
Cyst stage- is more resistant and typically is the form shed in stools and transmitted by the fecal-oral route
2
Q
Entamoeba histolytica
A
Asymptomatic colonization- diarrhea
Amebic colitis/dysentery
Extraintestinal abscess usually in the liver
3
Q
Lab for entamoeba histolytica
A
Request ova and parasites
Serological tests available
4
Q
Tx for entamoeba histolytica
A
Metronidazole Iodoquinol (Yodoxin) if first line drug failure
5
Q
Toxoplasma gondii
A
Intracellular parasitic protozoan that causes toxoplalsmosis 30-50% of the pop has been infected Flu-like sx in adults Infected animals Worry about IC (pregnant women)
6
Q
Giardia lamblia
A
Water and person to person transmission
Diarrhea, abd cramps, bloating, flatulence
7
Q
Lab for giardia lambia
A
Ova and parasites
8
Q
Tx for giardia lambia
A
Metronidazole
9
Q
Trichomonas vaginalis
A
STI
Common cause of vaginitis and urethritis
Burning, pain, itching, d/c
10
Q
Lab for trichomonas vaginalis
A
Microscopy, culture, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs)
11
Q
Tx for trichomonas vaginalis
A
Metronidazole
12
Q
Viruses
A
Smallest known form of infectious disease causing agents
- Cannot be seen with light microscope
- Are composed of DNA or RNA
- Replicate only in living cells
13
Q
Viral cultures
A
From either sterile or nonsterile sites
Dacron or rayon swab that must not dry out during transport and is usually placed in a modified Stuart transport medium
Some have abx to inhibit the growth of nl bacteria
14
Q
Tissue cultures of viruses
A
Rabbit kidney
Monkey kidney
Human embryonic kidney
15
Q
Parvoviridae
A
Parvovirus B19 is spread by close physical contact and causes erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)
16
Q
Papillomavirdae
A
Human papillomavirus- warts, genital cancer
17
Q
Adenoviridae
A
Adenovirus- nasopharyngitis, conjunctivitis, diarrhea
18
Q
Hepadnaviridae
A
Hep B virus- parenteral route or sexual intercourse
HBsAg is present early in the disease, anti-HBsAg indicates immunity
19
Q
Herpes simplex 1 (HSV-1)
A
Cold sores, diagnosed by Tzanck test
20
Q
Herpes simplex 2 (HSV-2)
A
Genital lesions, frequently transmitted sexually
21
Q
Varicella zoster virus
A
Chickenpox- mild, self-limiting
Shingles (zoster)- painful reactivation
22
Q
Epstein-Barr virus
A
Causes infectious mononucleosis
23
Q
Sx of Epstein-Barr virus
A
Severe fatigue, hepatomegaly
24
Q
Lab findings of EBV
A
Atypical lymphocytes
Hertophile antibodies (IgM)- Monospot test
Complications- Burkitt’s lymphoma
25
Herpes virus type 6
Causes sixth disease (rosacea infantum)
26
Vaccinia
Variant of the variola virus, produces a mild disease
| Used as the immunogen in the smallpox vaccination
27
Variola
Causative agent of smallpox
28
Molluscum contagiosum
Small umbilicated lesions either on children or sexually transmitted (skin-skin)
29
Influenza viruses- A, B, C
Respiratory tract infections
| Reye's syndrome is associated with type B
30
Lab for influenza viruses
Viral isolation or the hemagglutination inhibition test
31
Tx for influenza viruses
Symptomatic +/- antivirals
32
Paramyxoviruses
Parainfluenza- croup in infants
| Mumps- enlargement of parotid glands and orchitis
33
Morbillivirus
Measles- maculopapular rash, Koplik spots on buccal mucosa
34
Pneumovirus
RSV- infant bronchiolitis and pneumonia
35
Dengue virus
Transmitted by mosquitoes
36
Hep C
IV drug use, blood transfusions, hemodialysis
37
Yellow fever
Arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes
38
West Nile virus
Transmitted by mosquitoes or contaminated blood products
39
Retroviridae
Contain a reverse transcriptase enzyme
HIV-1
HIV-2
Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1)
40
Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1)
Neurologic degenerating disease
Transmission is the same as for HIV
Long-term effects include debilitation and paralysis
41
Poliovirus
Spinal cord motor neurons are killed, results in flaccid paralysis
Lab: serologic testing or cultivation of the virus from throat cultures or feces
42
Hep A
Fecal-oral route of transmission
| Diagnosed serologically by a rise in IgM as detected by ELISA
43
Rhinoviruses
Most frequent cause of the common cold
44
Endocarditis
Endothelium heart layer infection
Subacute= low-grade or absent fever and more nonspecific signs (weight loss, malaise)
Mitral valve most frequently involved
45
RF of endocarditis
Diabetes
IV drug use
Immunosuppression
Tricuspid valve involved with IV drug use
46
Sx of endocarditis
Fever
Chills
Worsening of valve function
Septic embolic complications
47
Lab findings of endocarditis
```
Blood cultures
Elevated ESR
Leukocytosis
Hamaturia
+/- Bacteruria
```
48
Pathogens of endocarditis
Staph aureus- acute
| Streptococi viridans- subacute
49
Sx of meninges and/or brain parenchyma
HA, stiff neck, fever
50
Lab of meninges and/or brain parenchyma- bacteria
```
CSF cytology and cultures
Increase neutrophils in CSF
Neonates- Group B streptococcus
Listeria monocytogenes- IC
HIb- unvaccinated
Staph, strep
```
51
Lab of meninges and/or brain parenchyma- viral
Increased lymphocytes in CSF
| HSV, CMV, HIV
52
Ostoemyelitis- staph aureus
All ages, most frequent organism causing hematogenous osteomyelitis
53
Osteomyelitis- salmonella species
Sickle cell disease pts
54
Osteomyelitis- pseudomonas
IV drug users, puncture wound to foot, urinary catheters
55
Osteomyelitis- streptococci
Aerobic- bites, UTI, diabetic foot infections
| Anaerobic- prosthetic joints, foreign-body associated
56
Joint infection- Staph aureus
MCC of septic arthritis, damaged joint, IV drug abuse
57
Joint infection- Strep spp
2nd most common, DM
58
Joint infection- N. gonorrhoeae
Young adults
59
Joint infection- Gm neg bacilli
IC
60
Joint infection- S. pneumoniae
Splenic dysfunction
61
Joint infection- fungal
Alchoholism, Sporothix is the MCC of fungal arthritis
62
Abscesses, infected wounds, cellulitis
Superficial folliculitis- Staph aureus
Hot tub folliculitis- Pseudomonas
Furuncle/carbuncle- Staph aureus
63
Cellulitis and impetigo
GABHS and S. aureus
| Pasturella in cat and dog bites
64
Necrotizing fasciitis
Anaerobic (Bacteroides)
65
Eyelid infections
Hordeolum/chalazion- Staph aureus
66
Viral conjunctivitis
More common than bacterial
| Adenovirus is most common
67
Bacterial conjunctivitis
N. gonorrhoeae, Staph aureus, Strep pneumoniae, H. influenzae (children)
Chlamydia- leading cause of blindness worldwide
68
Otitis externa
Pseudomonas
69
Otitis media
S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis
70
Orbital cellulitis
S. aureus, Strep pyogenes
71
Acute sinusitis
S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis and rhinoviruses
72
Herpes labialis
Painful ulcerating vesicles
| Herpes simplex virus
73
Oral thrush
Creamy white patches
| Candida albicans
74
Streptococcal pharyngitis
```
Strep pyogenes (GABHS)
Tx: pcn
```
75
Diphtheria
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
| Tx: macrolide
76
Community-acquired pneumonia
S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis
Mycoplasma pneumonia- IgM and IgG tests
Legionella, staph, viruses
77
Hospital-associated and ventilator pneumonia
K. pneumoniae
P. aerugionosa
MRSA
78
Atypical pneumonia
Subacute in onset
Cough is nonproductive
Walking pneumonia
79
Primary causes of atypical pneumonia
M. pneumoniae
C. pneumoniae
Resp viruses: Influenza, adenovirus, parainfluenza, RSV
80
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Present in the respiratory tract and feces of about 5% of nl individuals
Can produce extensive hemorrhagic necrotizing consolidation of lung- "currant jelly" sputum
Occasionally causes UTI and bacteremia
Involved in hospital acquired infections
Urine catheters
81
Rx for Klebsiella pneumoniae
Ampicillin + gentamycin
82
Legionella pneumophilia
Atypical pneumonia, air conditioners, hyponatremia
C and S sputum; urinary antigen test is rapid and sensitive
Azithromycin IV, mortality 16-50%
83
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
Acid-fast stain or culture
HIV
Tx: macrolide antibiotic
84
TB
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
| Slow-growing acid-fast bacilli (AFB)
85
Sx of TB
```
Fever
Night sweats
Weight loss
Cough
Hemoptysis
```
86
Lab of TB
+PPD, or interferon-gamma release assay
| CXR: cavitary lung lesions
87
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Pneumocystis spp.- single-cell organisms originally described as protozoans, but more appropriately classified with the fungi
Associated with HIV/AIDS
88
Lab of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Cannot be cultured, + microscopy using special stains, PCR
89
Tx for pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Bactrim
90
Adenovirus
Serotypes 3, 4, 7 frequent causes of acute resp disease among military recruits
Adenoviral culture from resp specimen
Rapid viral antigen detection
Serotypes 40 and 41 associated with infantile gastroenteritis
91
RSV
May show interstitial infiltrates
Viral culture or rapid viral detection
Tx supportive
92
Rotavirus
Watery diarrhea, fever, vomiting
Mostly in infants and young children in winter
Lab: direct antigen detection in stool specimens
93
CMV
Culture
94
Noroviruses
PCR
95
E. coli
Watery or bloody diarrhea
Travellers diarrhea
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
96
Salmonella sx
Fever, abd pain, diarrhea +/- blood
97
Shigella
Dysentery with abd pain and bloody diarrhea
98
Campylobacter jejuni
Acute enteritis with diarrhea +/- blood
| Guillain-Barre syndrome
99
Vibrio cholerae
Severe diarrhea, rice water stools
100
Yersinia enterocolitica
Enterocolitis, diarrhea, reactive polyarthritis, erythema nodosum
101
Clostridium difficile
Abx associated diarrhea
102
Food poisoning
N/V 1-8 hrs after eating caused by ingestion of bacterial toxins
103
Sx of food poisoning
Diarrhea, abdominal cramps
104
Causes of food poisoning
Staph aureus- #1, dairy and bakery products
Bacillus ceres- reheated fried rice
Salmonella
105
UTI
Sx: dysuria, urgency, frequency
E. coli (80%), Proteus, Klebsiella, Staph saprophyticus
Lab: + UA, culture
106
Pyelonephritis
Sx: fever, chills, N/V, abd pain
E. coli, Staph aureus, Candida spp.
Lab: Leukocytosis, WBC casts, + culture
107
Syphilis
Treponema pallidum
| Lab: +RPR, VDRL, FTA-ABS, ELISA
108
Gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Lab: + culture or DNA test from:
Urine, urethral exudate swab, anorectal and pharyngeal swab, conjunctival swab, blood and synovial fluid, endocervical canal swab
109
Chlamydia
C. trachomatis
| Lab: DNA PCR testing using NAAT assays > cultures, ELISA, serologic testing
110
Lab for HSV
Tzanck smear, viral culture, direct fluorescent antibody prep, serologic assays, PCR (gold standard for CNS HSV)
111
HPV
Cervical dysplasia and cancer
| Lab: +Pap smear, + HSV testing
112
Sx of sepsis
Fever
Tachycardia
Leukocytosis
Hypotension
113
Dx of sepsis
Blood cultures (2-3 sets)
Aerobic and anaerobic cultures
Worry about contaminated nl skin flora
-S. aureus and strep that would only grow in 1 bottle
114
Common gram pos organisms in sepsis
Staph aureus
| Streptococi (beta-hemolytic or pneumoniae)
115
Common gram neg organisms in sepsis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Enterobacter
E. coli
Pseudomonas
116
Common anaerobic organism in sepsis
Bacteroides fragilis
117
Common yeast organisms in sepsis
Candida spp
| Cryptococcus neoformans
