Clinical Chemistry VI Flashcards
(42 cards)
Endocrinology
Consists of several glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood rather than into a duct system
Amines
Single amino acids
-T3, T4
Peptide and protein
Pituitary gland hormones
Steroid
Converted from cholesterol
-Glucocorticoids, estrogens
Professor Nowak’s Endocrinology Rule
95% of endocrinology disorders are due to primary gland dysfunction
Glands in endocrinology
Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Adrenals Parathyroid Pancreas
Hypothalamus
Synthesizes hormones
Stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones
Controls body temp, hunger, attachment behaviors, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms
Anterior pituitary hormones
Growth hormone (GH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Prolactin (PRL) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Posterior pituitary hormones
Oxytocin- uterine contractions, lactation
Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH)
Kidney water reabsorption and excretion
Acromegaly and giantism
Too much growth hormone (GH) usually from pituitary adenoma
Sx of acromegaly and giantism
Overgrowth of skeleton and soft tissues
Lab of acromegaly and giantism
Increased growth hormone
Increased serum insulin-like growth factors (IgF-1)
-IgF-1 circulates in much higher plasma concentrations than GH and is a good screening test of suspected GH abnormalities and for monitoring therapy in pts
-Single measurements of GH are not often reliable because GH secretion is episodic and diurnal
Hyperprolactinemia
Too much prolactin usually due to pituitary adenoma (pregnancy, chronic renal failure, medications)
Sx of hyperprolactinemia
Infertility Anovulation Menstrual irregularity Amenorrhea Oligospermia Impotence Gynecomastia
Labs of hyperprolactinemia
Elevated prolactin level
Tx for hyperprolactinemia
Dopamine agonists (cabergoline, bromocriptine)
Central diabetes insipidus
Deficiency of ADH (diuretic effect)
Sx of central diabetes insipidus
Dehydration (urinates up to 20L per day)
Normal-high serum sodium and osmolality
Low urine sodium and osmolality
Labs for central diabetes insipidus
Hypernatremia
Decreased ADH
Tx for central diabetes insipidus
Desmopressin
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
Too much ADH (tumors that secrete ADH)
-MDMA, sarcoidosis, pulmonary disease, medications
Sx of SIADH
Muscle weakness Ataxia Tremor Lethargy Confusion Delirium Seizures
Thyroid gland
Produce hormones that affect body metabolism
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Calcitonin
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Minority, but more active hormone