Microbiology Final Lect

Question 1

Define : Microbiology

Answer 1

study of small life

Question 2

Define : Pathogen

Answer 2

a disease causing organism

Question 3

Define: Infection

Answer 3

the growth of microorganism in the body or: State where the host (such as human ) harbors microbes that survive and multiply in or on body tisssue

Question 4

Define: Disease

Answer 4

an abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is incapable of performing normal functions; any change from a state of health

Question 5

Define: Microbial infection

Answer 5

the damaging result of infection caused by microbes

Question 6

Define: Pathogenicity

Answer 6

disease causing ability OR the ability of a pathogen to gain entry to host tissues and bring about disease

Question 7

Define: Virulence

Answer 7

the degree of the pathogenicity or the degree to which a pathogen cause a disease
ex: Salmonella (200 million cases/yr in the US)

Question 8

Define: Prebiotics

Answer 8

chemicals that promote growth of beneficial bacteria in the body

Question 9

Define: Probiotics

Answer 9

microbes inoculated into a host to occupy a niche and prevent the growth of bacteria

Question 10

Define: Sign

Answer 10

a change due to a disease that a person can observe and measure

Question 11

Define: Symptom

Answer 11

a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of a disease

Question 12

Define: Syndrome

Answer 12

a specific group of signs or symptoms that accompany a disease

Question 13

Define: Incidence

Answer 13

the fraction of the population that contracts a disease during a particular period of time

Question 14

Define : Prevalence

Answer 14

the fraction of the population having a specific disease at a given time

Question 15

Define :Sporadic

Answer 15

a disease that occurs occasionally in a population

Question 16

Define : Epidemic

Answer 16

a disease acquired by many host in a given area in a short time

Question 17

Define :Endemic

Answer 17

a disease that is constantly present in a certain population

Question 18

Define :Pandemic

Answer 18

an epidemic that occurs worldwide

Question 19

Define : Acute

Answer 19

a diesease that last a short time

Question 20

Define: Chronic

Answer 20

a disease that last a long time

Question 21

Define: Latent disease

Answer 21

a disease characterized by a period of no symptoms when the pathogen is inactive

Question 22

Define : Local infection

Answer 22

an infection in which pathogens are limited to a small are of the body

Question 23

Define : Systemic(generalized) Infection

Answer 23

an infection throughout the body

Question 24

Define : Focal Infection

Answer 24

a systemic infection that began as an infection in one place

Question 25

Define : Bacterium

Answer 25

bacteria: domain of prokaryotic organism, characterized by peptidoglycan cell walls; (bacterium): singular when referring to a single organism

Question 26

Define : Septicemia

Answer 26

the proliferation of pathogens in the blood, accompanied by fever; sometimes causes organ damage

Question 27

Define : Toxemia

Answer 27

the presence of toxins in the body

Question 28

Define: Viremia

Answer 28

the presence of viruses in the blood

Question 29

Define: Primary Infection

Answer 29

an acute infection that causes initial illness

Question 30

Define : Secondary Infection

Answer 30

an infection caused by an opportunistic microbe after after a primary infection has weakened the host’s defense

Question 31

Stages or Course of Disease:

Answer 31

(INDENTATION)

Question 32

1). Infection

Answer 32

pathogen enters host body, overcomes defenses ,and initiates parasitism

Question 33

2). Incubation Period

Answer 33

the time interval between the actual infection and first appearance of signs or symptoms of disease

Question 34

3). Prodromal Period

Answer 34

the time following the incubation period when the first symptoms of illness appear

Question 35

4). Typical Disease Period

Answer 35

apperance of specific symptoms

Question 36

5). Convalescence

Answer 36

period of recovery from illness
- some pathogens may remain alive in body
- possibility of relapse (return of symptoms

Question 37

Different methods by which pathogens are transmitted:

Answer 37

(INDENTATION)

Question 38

1). Direct Contact
ex: kissing ,sex, petting an animal

Answer 38

a method of spreading infection from one host to another through some kind of close association between host

Question 39

2). Indirect Contact
ex: screw, nail

Answer 39

the spread of pathogen by fomites ,contaminated by inanimate objects

Question 40

3).Droplet Infection
ex: sneeze in the face

Answer 40

the transmission of an infection by small liquid droplets carrying microorganisms

Question 41

4). Vehicle
ex: food, water

Answer 41

transmission by an in animate reservoir

Question 42

5). Airborne
ex: measles virus, fungus spores

Answer 42

refers to transmission of pathogen via air

Question 43

6). Vectors: Arthropods

Answer 43

fleas, ticks, mosquitoes
- Mechanical or Biological

Question 44

6a). Mechanical Vectors Transmission

Answer 44

touch outside an animal
mechanical - a fly touching your sandwich

Question 45

6b). Biological vector
transmission

Answer 45

bite of vector( pathogen reproduces in vector
biological- plague malaria .yellow fever ,typhus ,fever ,Rocky mountain spotted fever

Question 46

Nosocomial Infections

Answer 46

infection acquired as a result of a hospital stay
-5-15% of all hospital patients acquire nosocomial infections