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Anatomy (Physiology) > Anatomy Lecture Final > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general functions of the Respiratory system ?

A
  • exchanges of gases between atmosphere and blood
    -homeostatic regulations ph
    -Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
    -vocalization
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2
Q

Vocalization

A

: voice production is possible when one exhales- larynx contains elastic tissue that vibrates during exhalation producing vocalization

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3
Q

Conducting System (zone)

A

: anatomical components of the respiratory tract that are involved in warming and humidifying air and are not involved in gas exchange

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4
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

actual site of gas exchange

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5
Q

What is the Alveoli ?

A

anatomical site where gas exchanges occur

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6
Q

What do bones and muscles involved in breathing mechanics do?

A

they create pressure gradients that allow movement of air in/out of lung

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7
Q

What does the upper respiratory consists of ?

A

-Nasla cavity
-Pharynx
-Larynx
-tongue
-esophagus
- vocal chords

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8
Q

What does the lowers respiratory consists of ?

A
  • trachea
  • Right lung
    -left lung
    -right bronchus
    left bronchus
    diaphragm
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9
Q

What skeletal muscles are used during quite breathing ?

A

During Inspiration:
-diaphragm
-external intercostals muscles
-scalenes
( principle respiratory muscles)
During expiration:
respiratory muscles relax

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10
Q

What skeletal muscles are used during forced inspiration?

A

-sternocleidomastoid
-pectoralis minor

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11
Q

What skeletal muscles are used during forced expiration?

A

-internal intercostasl muscles
-abdominal muscles

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12
Q

What are accessory muscles ?

A

muscles used for forced inspiration/expiration

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13
Q

What does the visceral pleura adhere to?

A

it adheres to the outer surface of the lung

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14
Q

What does the parietal pleura adhere to?

A

it adheres to the thoracic wall and diaphragm

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15
Q

What does the pleural fluid allow the lungs to do?

A

it allows the lungs to adhere against the thoracic wall

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16
Q

What do both pleural membranes contain?

A

they contain elastic connective tissue and opposing layers of the membranes are held together by pleural fluid (pleural cavity)

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17
Q

What does pleural fluid provide?

A

pleural fluid provides smooth and slippery surface ,allowing lung to move along the thoracic during breathing

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18
Q

Know the function of the mucociliary escalator as it applies to the innate defenses

A

secretion of a watery saline layer beneath mucus is essential for a functional ME

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19
Q

What are alveolar macrophages ?

A

they are fixed macrophages that increase in number during inflammation of the lung tissue

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20
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

are present within the interstitial fluid ;various factors can stimulate these cells abnormally leading to fibrosis (stiffer lung)

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21
Q

What is the function of Type – I alveolar cells?

A

make up the wall of the alveoli

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22
Q

What is the function of Type – II alveolar cells?

A

synthesize and secrete Surfactant

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23
Q

What is the role of surfactant?

A

aid in lung compliance; compliance refers to the ability of the lung to stretch and expand when pressure is placed in the lung

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24
Q

What creates the blood air barrier?

A

-alveolar membrane
-capillary membrane

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25
Q

Why does an accumulation of water or inability to secrete surfactant lead to respiratory distress?

A

respiratory distress refers to fluid collection in the lungs ,which cause :
-shortness of breath
-rapid heart rate
-tiredness and muscle fatigue
-chest pain

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26
Q

What is Exchange I within the respiratory and cardiovascular systems?

A

mechanics of ventilation : exchange I between atmosphere and lung ,it consists the air ways and alveoli of lungs

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27
Q

What is Exchange III within the respiratory and cardiovascular systems?

A
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28
Q

What is Exchange III within the respiratory and cardiovascular systems?

A

gas exchange between the systemic capillary and tissue: exchange III between blood and cells

29
Q

What is atmospheric pressure ?

A

is the pressure exerted by the total amount of gases and water vapor in the air

pN2 = 597 mm Hg
pO2= 159 mm Hg
pH20=3.7 mm Hg
pCO2= 0.3 mm Hg

total atmospheric pressure = 760 mmHg

30
Q

What is partial pressure ?

A

the pressure of a single gas in a mixture
ex: pCO2=.3mmHg

31
Q

What are the three main pressures that are involved in ventilation?

A

Atmospheric Pressure: pressure that is determined by the collective gasses (air molecules) that are present in the earth’s atmosphere

Intraalverolar Pressure:(intrapulmonary pressure ): pressure that is determined by the collective gasses inside the alveoli of the lungs

Intrapleural Pressure: pressure within the pleural cavity

32
Q

What is the muscular pump and it’s role in ventilation?

A

Air flows into/out of the lungs because of pressure gradients created by a muscular pump

-in the respiratory system ,the skeletal muscles of the thoracic cage and diaphragm serve as a pump

-At rest/Inspiration/Expiration

33
Q

How can the air that moves in and out the lungs be divided into four lung volumes?

A

Lung volumes depend on
-Age
-Sex
-Height /weight
-Pathological Conditions

Tidal Volume ,Inspiratory Reserve Volume ,Expiratory Reserve Volume , and Residual Volume

34
Q

What is Tidal volume ?

A

(500ml) volume of air that moves during a single inspiration or expiration

35
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

(3000ml)additional volume you can inspire above the tidal volume

36
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

(1100) amount of air forcefully exhaled after the end of a normal expiration

37
Q

What is Residual Volume?

A

(1200) volume of air in the respiratory system after maximal exhalation

38
Q

What are lung capacities ?

A

the sum of tow or more lung volumes

ex: TLC: VC+RV
VC: IRV+TV+ERV
IC: TV+IRV
FRC: ERV+RV

39
Q

What is vital capacity ?

A

(VC) : the maximum amount of air that can be moved into or out of the respiratory system with one breath

40
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

(TLC): vital capacity plus the residual volume

41
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

(IC): tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume

42
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

(FRC): expiratory reseve volume plus residual volume

43
Q

What are the two successive respiratory cycles ?

A

Intraalverolar pressure assigned 0mmHg between breaths

Intrapleural pressure : intrapleural pressure in the fluid is
sub-atmospheric and volume of air

44
Q

In normal lung at rest what keeps the lung adhered to the chest wall ?

A

pleural fluid

45
Q

How can a pneumothorax can cause the lungs to collapse?

A

sub-atmospheric pressure in the pleural cavity helps keep the lungs partially inflated
-Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) occurs when the pleural cavity is ruptured causing air to enter and deflating the lung

46
Q

What is dead space?

A

portion of inspired air never reaches the exchnage

-more accurate indicator of ventilation is Alveolar Ventilation

47
Q

What is the difference between anatomical and alveolar dead space?

A

Anatomical dead space is air that remains trapped in the conducting zone ,while alveolar dead space is air within poorly perfused alveoli

48
Q

What is total pulmonary ventilation ?

A

Effectiveness of ventilation : Total Pulmonary Ventilation
Total Pulmonary Ventilation - Ventilation Rate * Tidal volume
12 breaths *500ml (tidal volume )= 6,000ml/min

49
Q

Calculating :Alveolar Ventilation

A

Ventilation Rate * (Tidal Volume -Dead Space )
12 breaths / min (500-150ml/breath) =4,200/min

50
Q

Define: Compliance

A

reflects the ability of the lung to stretch and expand when pressure is placed in the lung

51
Q

What is high compliance ?

A

lungs ability to stretch easily

52
Q

What is low compliance ?

A

lung requires more force from the inspiratory muscles to stretch the lung

53
Q

Define: Elastance

A

reflects the ability of the lungs to recoil towards its original shape and reflects its elastic properties
- a lung that has a high compliance has low elastance

54
Q

What are the determinants of lung compliance ?

A
  • stretchability of the lung tissue (elastic connective tissue ) - thickening of lung tissue decrease lung compliance
    -about of surface tension at the air -water interface within the alveoli
55
Q

How does ACh influence airway resistance ?

A
56
Q

How does histamine airway resistance ?

A

they act as bronchoconstrictors

57
Q

How does leukotrienes airway resistance ?

A

they act as bronchoconstrictors

58
Q

How does CO2 airway resistance ?

A

they act as brinchodilators

59
Q

How does EPI airway resistance ?

A

they act as bronchodilators

60
Q

What is bronchoconstriction?

A

increase resistance to airflow and decrease the amount of air entering the alveoli

61
Q

What is bronchodilation?

A

decrease resistance to airflow and increase the amount of air entering the alveoli

62
Q

What are Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ?

A

are a group of diseases in which there is a decrease in airflow due to an increase in resistance

ex: asthma ,obstructive sleep apnea ,emphysema ,and bronchitis

63
Q

What is emphysema ?

A

destruction of alveoli because of cigarette smoke and other irritating matter

; destruction of alveoli means less surface area for gas exchnage

64
Q

What is asthma ?

A

inflammation of air ways and bronchoconstriction

: increased airway resistance decreased alveolar ventilation

65
Q

When would asthma symptoms flare up ?

A

-occupational asthma: symptoms that are triggered by irritant present in the work place
ex: chemical fumes or gases

-exercise - induced asthma : symptoms that are triggered during exercise and can worsen if air is dry and cold

-allergy - induced asthma : symptoms triggered by allergens
ex: pet-dander and pollen

66
Q

What are Restrictive Pulmonary Disease ?

A

are a group of disease that decrease lung compliance (lung expansion), leading to decreased lung volumes and increased workload for respiratory muscles

-pulmonary fibrosis, neuromuscular disorders ,muscular dystrophy

67
Q

What is Pulmonary Fibrosis?

A

lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred -lung tissue becomes less elastic and more stiff

68
Q
A
69
Q
A

Anatomy (Physiology) (3 decks)

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