Anatomy Lecture Final Flashcards
What are the general functions of the Respiratory system ?
- exchanges of gases between atmosphere and blood
-homeostatic regulations ph
-Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
-vocalization
Vocalization
: voice production is possible when one exhales- larynx contains elastic tissue that vibrates during exhalation producing vocalization
Conducting System (zone)
: anatomical components of the respiratory tract that are involved in warming and humidifying air and are not involved in gas exchange
Respiratory Zone
actual site of gas exchange
What is the Alveoli ?
anatomical site where gas exchanges occur
What do bones and muscles involved in breathing mechanics do?
they create pressure gradients that allow movement of air in/out of lung
What does the upper respiratory consists of ?
-Nasla cavity
-Pharynx
-Larynx
-tongue
-esophagus
- vocal chords
What does the lowers respiratory consists of ?
- trachea
- Right lung
-left lung
-right bronchus
left bronchus
diaphragm
What skeletal muscles are used during quite breathing ?
During Inspiration:
-diaphragm
-external intercostals muscles
-scalenes
( principle respiratory muscles)
During expiration:
respiratory muscles relax
What skeletal muscles are used during forced inspiration?
-sternocleidomastoid
-pectoralis minor
What skeletal muscles are used during forced expiration?
-internal intercostasl muscles
-abdominal muscles
What are accessory muscles ?
muscles used for forced inspiration/expiration
What does the visceral pleura adhere to?
it adheres to the outer surface of the lung
What does the parietal pleura adhere to?
it adheres to the thoracic wall and diaphragm
What does the pleural fluid allow the lungs to do?
it allows the lungs to adhere against the thoracic wall
What do both pleural membranes contain?
they contain elastic connective tissue and opposing layers of the membranes are held together by pleural fluid (pleural cavity)
What does pleural fluid provide?
pleural fluid provides smooth and slippery surface ,allowing lung to move along the thoracic during breathing
Know the function of the mucociliary escalator as it applies to the innate defenses
secretion of a watery saline layer beneath mucus is essential for a functional ME
What are alveolar macrophages ?
they are fixed macrophages that increase in number during inflammation of the lung tissue
What are fibroblasts?
are present within the interstitial fluid ;various factors can stimulate these cells abnormally leading to fibrosis (stiffer lung)
What is the function of Type – I alveolar cells?
make up the wall of the alveoli
What is the function of Type – II alveolar cells?
synthesize and secrete Surfactant
What is the role of surfactant?
aid in lung compliance; compliance refers to the ability of the lung to stretch and expand when pressure is placed in the lung
What creates the blood air barrier?
-alveolar membrane
-capillary membrane
Why does an accumulation of water or inability to secrete surfactant lead to respiratory distress?
respiratory distress refers to fluid collection in the lungs ,which cause :
-shortness of breath
-rapid heart rate
-tiredness and muscle fatigue
-chest pain
What is Exchange I within the respiratory and cardiovascular systems?
mechanics of ventilation : exchange I between atmosphere and lung ,it consists the air ways and alveoli of lungs
What is Exchange III within the respiratory and cardiovascular systems?
What is Exchange III within the respiratory and cardiovascular systems?
gas exchange between the systemic capillary and tissue: exchange III between blood and cells
What is atmospheric pressure ?
is the pressure exerted by the total amount of gases and water vapor in the air
pN2 = 597 mm Hg
pO2= 159 mm Hg
pH20=3.7 mm Hg
pCO2= 0.3 mm Hg
total atmospheric pressure = 760 mmHg
What is partial pressure ?
the pressure of a single gas in a mixture
ex: pCO2=.3mmHg
What are the three main pressures that are involved in ventilation?
Atmospheric Pressure: pressure that is determined by the collective gasses (air molecules) that are present in the earth’s atmosphere
Intraalverolar Pressure:(intrapulmonary pressure ): pressure that is determined by the collective gasses inside the alveoli of the lungs
Intrapleural Pressure: pressure within the pleural cavity
What is the muscular pump and it’s role in ventilation?
Air flows into/out of the lungs because of pressure gradients created by a muscular pump
-in the respiratory system ,the skeletal muscles of the thoracic cage and diaphragm serve as a pump
-At rest/Inspiration/Expiration
How can the air that moves in and out the lungs be divided into four lung volumes?
Lung volumes depend on
-Age
-Sex
-Height /weight
-Pathological Conditions
Tidal Volume ,Inspiratory Reserve Volume ,Expiratory Reserve Volume , and Residual Volume
What is Tidal volume ?
(500ml) volume of air that moves during a single inspiration or expiration
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume
(3000ml)additional volume you can inspire above the tidal volume
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume
(1100) amount of air forcefully exhaled after the end of a normal expiration
What is Residual Volume?
(1200) volume of air in the respiratory system after maximal exhalation
What are lung capacities ?
the sum of tow or more lung volumes
ex: TLC: VC+RV
VC: IRV+TV+ERV
IC: TV+IRV
FRC: ERV+RV
What is vital capacity ?
(VC) : the maximum amount of air that can be moved into or out of the respiratory system with one breath
What is total lung capacity?
(TLC): vital capacity plus the residual volume
What is inspiratory capacity?
(IC): tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume
What is functional residual capacity?
(FRC): expiratory reseve volume plus residual volume
What are the two successive respiratory cycles ?
Intraalverolar pressure assigned 0mmHg between breaths
Intrapleural pressure : intrapleural pressure in the fluid is
sub-atmospheric and volume of air
In normal lung at rest what keeps the lung adhered to the chest wall ?
pleural fluid
How can a pneumothorax can cause the lungs to collapse?
sub-atmospheric pressure in the pleural cavity helps keep the lungs partially inflated
-Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) occurs when the pleural cavity is ruptured causing air to enter and deflating the lung
What is dead space?
portion of inspired air never reaches the exchnage
-more accurate indicator of ventilation is Alveolar Ventilation
What is the difference between anatomical and alveolar dead space?
Anatomical dead space is air that remains trapped in the conducting zone ,while alveolar dead space is air within poorly perfused alveoli
What is total pulmonary ventilation ?
Effectiveness of ventilation : Total Pulmonary Ventilation
Total Pulmonary Ventilation - Ventilation Rate * Tidal volume
12 breaths *500ml (tidal volume )= 6,000ml/min
Calculating :Alveolar Ventilation
Ventilation Rate * (Tidal Volume -Dead Space )
12 breaths / min (500-150ml/breath) =4,200/min
Define: Compliance
reflects the ability of the lung to stretch and expand when pressure is placed in the lung
What is high compliance ?
lungs ability to stretch easily
What is low compliance ?
lung requires more force from the inspiratory muscles to stretch the lung
Define: Elastance
reflects the ability of the lungs to recoil towards its original shape and reflects its elastic properties
- a lung that has a high compliance has low elastance
What are the determinants of lung compliance ?
- stretchability of the lung tissue (elastic connective tissue ) - thickening of lung tissue decrease lung compliance
-about of surface tension at the air -water interface within the alveoli
How does ACh influence airway resistance ?
How does histamine airway resistance ?
they act as bronchoconstrictors
How does leukotrienes airway resistance ?
they act as bronchoconstrictors
How does CO2 airway resistance ?
they act as brinchodilators
How does EPI airway resistance ?
they act as bronchodilators
What is bronchoconstriction?
increase resistance to airflow and decrease the amount of air entering the alveoli
What is bronchodilation?
decrease resistance to airflow and increase the amount of air entering the alveoli
What are Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ?
are a group of diseases in which there is a decrease in airflow due to an increase in resistance
ex: asthma ,obstructive sleep apnea ,emphysema ,and bronchitis
What is emphysema ?
destruction of alveoli because of cigarette smoke and other irritating matter
; destruction of alveoli means less surface area for gas exchnage
What is asthma ?
inflammation of air ways and bronchoconstriction
: increased airway resistance decreased alveolar ventilation
When would asthma symptoms flare up ?
-occupational asthma: symptoms that are triggered by irritant present in the work place
ex: chemical fumes or gases
-exercise - induced asthma : symptoms that are triggered during exercise and can worsen if air is dry and cold
-allergy - induced asthma : symptoms triggered by allergens
ex: pet-dander and pollen
What are Restrictive Pulmonary Disease ?
are a group of disease that decrease lung compliance (lung expansion), leading to decreased lung volumes and increased workload for respiratory muscles
-pulmonary fibrosis, neuromuscular disorders ,muscular dystrophy
What is Pulmonary Fibrosis?
lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred -lung tissue becomes less elastic and more stiff
