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Microbiology > Microbiology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Microbiology Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are bacterial cells capable of

A

carrying out all necessary life activities

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2
Q

what are the necessary life activities that bacterial cells are capable of

A

reproduction, metabolism, and nutrient processing

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3
Q

what can bacteria also act as a group

A

colonies and biofilms

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4
Q

three general shapes of bacteria are

A

coccus, bacillus, and vibrio

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5
Q

what shape are coccus bacteria

A

spheres, oval, bean shaped

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6
Q

what shape are bacillus bacteria

A

cylinder, filamentous, and club shaped

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7
Q

what shape are vibrio bacteria

A

curved

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8
Q

what shape are paleomorphism bacteria

A

variations of shapes and sizes

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9
Q

what are mycoplasmas

A

display extreme variations in shapes

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10
Q

why do mycoplasmas display extreme variations in shapes

A

due to lack of cell walls

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11
Q

group of cocci that are in pairs

A

diplococci

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12
Q

group of cocci that are in groups of four

A

tetrads

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13
Q

what group of cocci show irregular clusters

A

staphylococci

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14
Q

what group of cocci show chains of few hundreds cells

A

streptococci

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15
Q

what is occasionally found in short chains

A

spirilla

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16
Q

what rarely remains attached after cell division

A

spirochetes

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17
Q

what are the two major groups of appendages

A

flagella and pili

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18
Q

what do flagella provide

A

stability

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19
Q

what does pili provide

A

attachment points of channels

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20
Q

what flagellar arrangement has flagella attached at one or both ends of cells

A

polar

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21
Q

what flagellar arrangement has a single flagellum

A

monotrichous

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22
Q

what flagellar arrangement has small bunches or tufts

A

lophtrichous

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23
Q

what flagellar arrangement as flagella at both poles of the cell

A

amphitrichous

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24
Q

what flagellar arrangement has flagella dispersed randomly all over surface of the cell

A

peritrichous

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25
Q

what is the movement in response to chemical signals

A

chemotaxis

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26
Q

what is positive chemotaxis

A

movement of the cell in a favorable direction

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27
Q

what is negative chemotaxis

A

movement of the cell away from a repellant

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28
Q

what is phototaxis

A

movement towards light

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29
Q

what is it called when cell swims in a smooth linear direction towards stimulus

A

run

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30
Q

what is it called flagellum reverses the direction causing the cell to stop and change course

A

tumble

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31
Q

small bristle like fibers sprouting off the surface of certain species of bacteria

A

fimbriae

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32
Q

pili is used for

A

conjugation

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33
Q

what is conjugation

A

partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another

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34
Q

how is production of pili controlled

A

genetically

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35
Q

what surface coating has thousands of copies of a single protein linked together

A

s layer

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36
Q

what surface coating provides protection from environmental conditions

A

s layer

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37
Q

what surface coating is only produced in hostile environments

A

s layer

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38
Q

what surface coating has repeating polysaccharides that may or may not include protein

A

glycocalyx

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39
Q

what surface coating from loose around the cell and protects from water loss and nutrients

A

slime layer

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40
Q

what surface coating is bound more tightly to a cell than the slime layer

A

capsule

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41
Q

what surface coating is denser and thicker than slime layer

A

capsule

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42
Q

what is the cell envelope composed of

A

cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, outer membrane

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43
Q

a gram positive stain shows

A

thick walls composed of peptidoglycan and inner cytoplasmic membrane

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44
Q

a gram negative stain shows

A

outer membrane, thin cell wall, and inner cytoplasmic membrane

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45
Q

characteristics of cell wall

A

help determine shape of bacteria and provides strong structural support

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46
Q

where is peptidoglycan found typically

A

cell walls of bacteria

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47
Q

what provides a strong but flexible framework

A

peptidoglycan

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48
Q

functions of teichoic and lipoteichoic acid

A

cell wall maintenance, enlargement during cell division, and acidic charge

49
Q

what contributes to pathogenicity of organisms that has long fatty acid chain

A

mycolic acid

50
Q

what is acid fast stain used for

A

diagnose tuberculosis and leprosy

51
Q

what naturally lacks a cell wall

A

mycoplasmas

52
Q

what does a gram negative outer membrane contain

A

specialized polysaccharides and proteins

53
Q

what are endospores

A

bacterial spore that can withstand hostile conditions

54
Q

two phase life cycle includes

A

vegetative cell and endospore

55
Q

what is sporulation

A

spore formation induced by environmental conditions

56
Q

what can endospores resist

A

heating, drying, freezing, radiation, chemicals

57
Q

aerobic

A

use oxygen in metabolism

58
Q

anaerobic

A

do not use oxygen in metabolism

59
Q

facultative

A

may or may not use oxygen

60
Q

always unicellular

A

protozoa

61
Q

may be unicellular or multicellular

A

fungi and algae

62
Q

always multicellular

A

helminths

63
Q

glucose based, all sugar

A

chitin

64
Q

chain of cells that grow along and increase in length by adding new cells

A

hyphae

65
Q

community acquired

A

general population affected

66
Q

hospital associated

A

long term care affected

67
Q

opportunistic

A

people who have compromised immune systems or disrupted microbiota affected

68
Q

colony of filamentous fungi known as mycelium

A

morphology

69
Q

fungal spores are not the same as

A

bacterial spores

70
Q

what are fungal spores used for

A

sexual and nonsexual reproduction and will germinate

71
Q

asexual spore formation types

A

sporangiospores, condiospores, zygosporangium

72
Q

formed within sporangium and looks like lollipop

A

sporangiospores

73
Q

free spores formed by pinching off of hyphae repeatedly and looks like brush

A

condiospores

74
Q

specialized hyphae from different mycelium will fuse and form specialized spore forming structures

A

zygosporangium

75
Q

what type of cell are protozoa

A

single cell organism

76
Q

what is the shape of protozoa

A

shape changes

77
Q

how do protozoa reproduce

A

miotic divisions

78
Q

conjugation

A

two cells with slight difference

79
Q

varying in degrees of organ and organ system development

A

helminths

80
Q

two major boy types

A

flatworms and roundworms

81
Q

helminth that has within both male and female organs, pass sperm, and fertilize eggs

A

dioecious

82
Q

helminth that has distinct male or female with no self fertilization

A

monoecious

83
Q

who hypothesized that rabies is caused by something smaller than bacteria

A

Pasteur

84
Q

who proposed the term “virus”

A

Pasteur

85
Q

how are viruses classified

A

host range and disease caused

86
Q

viruses name is based on (4)

A

shape, genome, source, origin

87
Q

general structure of viruses

A

size range, viral components

88
Q

what are the 3 viral components

A

capsid, nucleic acid, envelope

89
Q

what are viral capsids composed of

A

polypeptide protein repeating units

90
Q

what is a polypeptide protein repeating units called

A

capsomere

91
Q

two forms of capsids

A

helical and icosahedral

92
Q

what type of virus will “bud” out of the host cell tearing a part of the plasma membrane to become an envelope

A

enveloped viruses

93
Q

where are nucleic acids found

A

core of a virus

94
Q

what is a complete blueprint on how to make a new virion

A

genome

95
Q

what polymerase reads

A

RNA

96
Q

what polymerase MAKES

A

DNA

97
Q

5 multiplication cycles in animal viruses

A

adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly release

98
Q

attach

A

adsorption

99
Q

get in

A

penetration

100
Q

release genome

A

uncoating

101
Q

make more

A

synthesis

102
Q

get out

A

assembly release

103
Q

viral spikes must be able to interact with receptors on the host cell

A

host range

104
Q

host cell is penetrated by the whole virus or viral genome

A

penetration and uncoating

105
Q

replication and protein production

A

synthesis

106
Q

protein capsids self assemble as viral capsomeres are completed

A

assembly

107
Q

mechanisms are dependent on virus being naked or enveloped

A

release

108
Q

virus induced damage to host cell or host tissue

A

cytopathic effect

109
Q

fusion of neighboring cells into one large multinucleated mass (RSV)

A

syncytia

110
Q

changing of host cell genome due to insertion of a provirus

A

transformation

111
Q

virus connected with cancer

A

oncovirus

112
Q

takes viral RNA and turns it into double stranded viral DNA and then inserts itself in the nucleus

A

retrovirus

113
Q

double stranded DNA viruses with at least phage

A

bacteriophages

114
Q

get in get out quick

A

lytic

115
Q

get in and hide awhile

A

lysogenic

116
Q

primary purposes of viral cultivation

A
  1. isolate and identify clinical specimens
  2. vaccine preparation
  3. detailed research
117
Q

techniques in cultivating and identifying animal viruses

A
  1. live animal inoculation
  2. bird embryos
  3. tissue culture
118
Q

nothing more than proteins, get exposed to your blood, brain, and neurons

A

prions

119
Q

Pacific Islanders who have been cannibals historically

A

kuru

Microbiology (2 decks)

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