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Microbiology > Microbiology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Microbiology Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

term that is the specialized area of biology that deals with organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

A

microbiology

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2
Q

what are the major groups of microorganisms

A

bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, prions, helminths

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3
Q

what do microbiologists study

A

cell structure and function
growth and physiology
genetics
taxonomy and evolutionary history
interactions with living and nonliving environment

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4
Q

term for accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environments

A

evolution

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5
Q

what is not technically a microorganism

A

helminth

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6
Q

term that reproduces rapidly in large populations that can be gown in the lab and you cannot see them

A

microbes

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7
Q

kind of microbiology that deals with microbes that cause disease in humans and animals

A

medical microbiology

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8
Q

6 branches of microbiology

A

medical
public health and epidemiology
immunology
industrial
agricultural
environmental

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9
Q

kind of microbiology that monitors and controls the spread of diseases in communities

A

public health and epidemiology

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10
Q

kind of microbiology that asks how your immune system is working and how does it fight infection off

A

immunology

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11
Q

kind of microbiology that safeguards our food and water (beer, drugs, enzymes, and vitamins)

A

industrial

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12
Q

kind of microbiology that has relationship between microbes and domestic plants and animals

A

agricultural

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13
Q

kind of microbiology that is the effect of microbes on the earth’s diverse habitat

A

environmental

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14
Q

impact of microbes on the earth

A

shaped habitats
pathway for eukaryotes

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15
Q

cells that contain nucleus

A

eukaryotes

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16
Q

what type of cell are bacteria and archaea

A

prokaryotes

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17
Q

cells that have no nucleus

A

prokaryotes

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18
Q

what theory is an observable phenomenon testable by science

A

theory of evolution

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19
Q

what type of microorganism are bacteria algae

A

photosynthetic

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20
Q

photosynthetic microorganism account for more than ___% of earth’s photosynthesis

A

70

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21
Q

term for breakdown of dead matter and wastes

A

decomposition

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22
Q

what accomplishes decomposition

A

bacteria and fungi

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23
Q

term for agent such as virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoa, or helminth that can cause disease

A

pathogen

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24
Q

what kind of of diseases are CAUSED by microbes

A

infectious and communicable

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25
Q

what kind of diseases are NOT CAUSED by microbes

A

noninfectious and noncommunicable

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26
Q

term that is able to spread to others

A

communicable

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27
Q

small double membrane bound structures that perform specific functions

A

lack organelles

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28
Q

which cells are 10x smaller than usual

A

bacterial and archaea

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29
Q

6 types of microorganisms

A

helminth
fungus
bacterium
virus
prion
protozoan

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30
Q

where do microorganisms live

A

habitats

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31
Q

what do microorganisms derive from

A

food
factors from nonliving environment

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32
Q

parasites are harbored and nourished BY

A

the host

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33
Q

parasites cause damage and disease IN

A

the host

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34
Q

term for “act of god”

A

spontaneous generation

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35
Q

who had the first observations of microbes in 1600s

A

Robert Hooke

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36
Q

who made up the term cell

A

Robert Hooke

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37
Q

who made a crude microscope to examine threads in fabric

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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38
Q

who made drawings of animalcules in rainwater and scraped from his teeth

A

Antonie van Leewenhoek

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39
Q

when was the discovery of restriction enzymes

A

1970s

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40
Q

when was the invention of PCR technique

A

1980s

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41
Q

what is the technique that amplifies DNA and learn entire genomes

A

PCR

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42
Q

when did the importance of small RNAs become increased

A

2000s

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43
Q

when was genetic identification of human microbiomes discovered

A

2010s and beyond

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44
Q

what reasoning uses general principles to explain specific observations

A

deductive

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45
Q

what reasoning has processes of discovering general principles by careful examination of specific species

A

inductive

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46
Q

what reasoning makes observations through experimentation

A

inductive

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47
Q

what leads to the discovery process of creation of general principle

A

inductive reasoning

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48
Q

who found microbes in dust and air that have a high heat resistance

A

John Tyndall

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49
Q

who discovered and described bacterial endospores

A

Ferdinand Cohn

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50
Q

term for completely free of all life forms

A

sterile

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51
Q

ways to sterilize

A

heat
light
drying out resistance

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52
Q

who went after John Tyndall

A

Ferdinand Cohn

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53
Q

who used ascetic techniques

A

Koch
Holmes
Semmelweis
Lister

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54
Q

who linked specific organisms with a specific disease

A

Robert Koch

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55
Q

who observed mothers who gave birth at home experienced few infections than mothers who gave birth in hospitals

A

Wendall Holmes

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56
Q

who showed that women became infected in the maternity ward after examinations by physicians who had come from working in the autopsy rooms without washing techniques

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

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57
Q

who was the first to utilize hand washing and misting operating rooms with antiseptic chemicals

A

Joseph Lister

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58
Q

what technique became the foundation for modern microbial control still in use today

A

aseptic

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59
Q

who showed human diseases could arise from infection

A

Pasteur

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60
Q

who established a series of proofs that verified the germ theory of disease

A

Robert Koch

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61
Q

term for assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and individual organisms

A

nomenculture

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62
Q

what is the coin of our realm

A

words

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63
Q

what is the combination of genus name and species name

A

binomial system

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64
Q

what name can be abbreviated

A

genus name

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65
Q

most general level of classification

A

domain

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66
Q

most specific level of classification

A

species

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67
Q

levels of classification starting at domain ending with species

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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68
Q

who created taxonomy in 1700s

A

Carl von Linne

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69
Q

term for science of classifying biological species

A

taxonomy

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70
Q

5 kingdoms recognized

A

plants
animals
protista
monera
fungi

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71
Q

term for all tangible material that occupy space and have mass

A

matter

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72
Q

term for particles that cannot be subdivided into smaller substances without losing its properties

A

atoms

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73
Q

what is positively charged and found in nucleus

A

protons

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74
Q

what is negatively charged and surrounded by the nucleus

A

electrons

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75
Q

what is not charged and found in nucleus

A

neutrons

76
Q

term for an atom with characteristic atomic structure and predictable chemical behavior

A

element

77
Q

term that has variant forms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons

A

isotopes

78
Q

term that have unstable nuclei that spontaneously release energy in the form of radiation

A

radioactive isotopes

79
Q

which isotopes are used in research and medical applications

A

radioactive isotopes

80
Q

chemical substance that results from combination of two or more atoms

A

molecule

81
Q

molecule composed of two or more different elements

A

compound

82
Q

sharing of electrons

A

covalent

83
Q

which are the strongest bonds

A

covalent bonds

84
Q

formed between two atoms that have different electronegativity

A

polar molecule

85
Q

formed when atoms have similar electronegativity

A

non polar molecule

86
Q

formed when electrons are TRANSFERRED completely from one atom to another and are NOT shared

A

ionic bonds

87
Q

which are the weakest bonds

A

hydrogen bonds

88
Q

what bonds are formed due to ATTRACTIVE forces between nearby atoms or molecules

A

hydrogen bonds

89
Q

what force is weak attractions between molecules that show polar

A

van der Waals force

90
Q

why can bugs walk sideways or upside down on glass and mirrors

A

van der Waals force

91
Q

which element is the fundamental element of life

A

carbon

92
Q

what element is the ideal atomic building block to form a backbone of organic molecules

A

carbon

93
Q

what does shape dictate

A

function

94
Q

term for molecular groups or accessory molecules that bind to organic compounds

A

functional groups

95
Q

term for scientific field that explores that compounds of life

A

biochemistry

96
Q

4 main families of biochemicals

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

97
Q

saccharides are

A

sugar

98
Q

how many carbons are in hexose

A

6

99
Q

how many carbons are in pentose

A

5

100
Q

common classes of carbohydrates

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

101
Q

term for carbons on adjacent sugar units bonded to the same oxygen atom like links in a chain

A

glycosidic bond

102
Q

which class of carbohydrates are hydrophobic

A

lipids

103
Q

which class of carbohydrate is not soluble in polar solvents

A

lipids

104
Q

which class of carbohydrates are considered “shapers of life”

A

proteins

105
Q

what are the building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

106
Q

what class of carbohydrates determine structure, behavior, and unique qualities of organisms

A

protein

107
Q

term for molecule assembled from smaller subunits or building blocks

A

macromolecules

108
Q

term for monomers that are bound into varying lengths called polymers

A

polymerization

109
Q

what are repeating subunits

A

monomers

110
Q

what has long fibrous polymers and helps holds plants together

A

cellulose

111
Q

what is a polymer in glucosamine

A

peptidoglycan

112
Q

what is a complex of lipid and polysaccharide found in the membrane of gram negative bacteria responsible for symptoms of fever and shock

A

lipopolysaccharide

113
Q

what is the protective shield with a hard or slimy layer composed of polysaccharides bound in various ways to proteins

A

glycocalax

114
Q

type of fat where all carbons are present in maximum amount of hydrogens possible, making chains straight and packed tight

A

saturated fats

115
Q

type of fat missing 1+ hydrogens due to double bonds which causes a bend in one of the chains

A

unsaturated

116
Q

what contains only two fatty acids attached to glycerol, where the tail is extremely hydrophobic

A

phospholipids

117
Q

basic structure of amino acids includes

A

alpha carbon
amino grou
carboxyl atom
hydrogen atom
R group

118
Q

what imparts unique characteristics to the amino acid

A

R group

119
Q

term for molecule composed of short chains of amino acids

A

peptide

120
Q

term that has more than 20 amino acids and is 3D shaped

A

polypeptide

121
Q

examples of quaternary protein structure

A

hemoglobin in RBC that carry oxygen

122
Q

term for catalyst for chemical reactions in cells

A

enzymes

123
Q

term for complex glycoproteins with specific attachment regions for bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms

A

antibodies

124
Q

collection of proteins

A

glycoproteins

125
Q

term for functional 3D form of protein

A

native state

126
Q

term for disruption of the native state of a protein through heat, acid, alcohol, or some disinfectants

A

denature

127
Q

term that disrupts the stabilization of interchain bonds that make the protein nonfunctional

A

denature

128
Q

which is the best way to reverse

A

heat

129
Q

term that contains special codes genetic program with detailed and specific instructions for organisms heredity

A

DNA

130
Q

term for helper molecules responsible for translating and carrying out instructions of DNA

A

RNA

131
Q

what is a singular copy of a gene

A

RNA

132
Q

nucleic acid structure parts

A

nitrogen base
pentose sugar
phosphate

133
Q

copy of a gene

A

mRNA

134
Q

carrier that transports correct amino acids

A

tRNA

135
Q

reads the order of amino acids and links them together

A

rRNA

136
Q

fundamental unit of life

A

cell

137
Q

what are the techniques called to manipulate, grow, and examine microorganisms

A

5 i

138
Q

5 Is

A

inoculation
incubation
isolation
inspection
identification

139
Q

what has a growth medium

A

inoculation

140
Q

what uses proper growth conditions

A

incubation

141
Q

what is used to separate species

A

isolation

142
Q

term for proportion of microorganism with various media

A

culture

143
Q

term for nutrient containing environment in which microbes can multiply

A

medium

144
Q

what are the control atmospheric gasses

A

oxygen and CO2

145
Q

what must be provided with all of their required nutrients in an artificial medium

A

microbes

146
Q

media is classified in what three properties

A

physical state
chemical composition
function type

147
Q

key word in class

A

road rash

148
Q

what type of media extracts chemical compositions

A

synthetic

149
Q

how to tell if an agar is synthetic

A

specific elements within the agar

150
Q

how to tell if an agar is complex

A

vague ingredients

151
Q

in what media can only certain bacteria grow in

A

selective

152
Q

what are enzymes that lyse red blood cells to release iron-rich hemoglobin

A

hemolysins

153
Q

types of hemolysin

A

beta
alpha
gamma

154
Q

which hemolysin completes lysis of red blood cells

A

beta

155
Q

which hemolysin has incomplete lysis of red blood cells

A

alpha

156
Q

which hemolysin experiences no hemolysis

A

gamma

157
Q

which method shows a pattern used to inoculate to gradually thin out the sample and separate the cells in order to encourage the growth of discrete colonies

A

streak plate method

158
Q

which method uses a sample that is diluted serially into cooled but still liquid agar tubes ; additionally uses broth

A

pour plate method

159
Q

what happens if you don’t dilute the correct amount in a pour plate

A

end up with too much or too little bacteria

160
Q

term for living free of other living things except for the one being studied

A

anexic

161
Q

second level culture from well-isolated colony

A

subculture

162
Q

microbial profits are determined through combining what 5 tests

A

phenotypic
genotypic
immunologic
macroscopic
microscopic

163
Q

what testing finds what biochemical reaction is present

A

phenotypic

164
Q

what testing isolates DNA and figures out what sequence is presence

A

genotypic

165
Q

what testing looks at gram positive and gram negative

A

microscopic

166
Q

what microbial staining dye has a positive charge and is attracted to acidic negatively charged components on bacterial cell walls

A

basic

167
Q

what microbial staining dye has a negative charge and is repelled by acidic negatively charged components on bacterial cell walls

A

acidic

168
Q

which stain is positively charged and sticks to cell walls to give it color

A

positive

169
Q

which stain is negatively charged and produces black background around cells

A

negative

170
Q

scientist that studies influence of microbes in the formation of caves is called

A

geomicrobiologist

171
Q

which type of organism is noncellular

A

virus

172
Q

number one worldwide infectious diseases are

A

respiratory diseases

173
Q

disease causing microorganisms are called

A

pathogens

174
Q

someone who studies the immune response to an infection caused by microorganisms

A

immunologist

175
Q

Koch’s postulates are criteria used to establish

A

specific microbe is the cause of disease

176
Q

discoveries that had huge impact of understanding of microbiology

A

small RNAs
restriction enzymes
PCR technique
human microbiome project

177
Q

what bonds result from attractive forces between molecules with polar covalent bonds

A

hydrogen bonds

178
Q

reversible reaction

A

AB + XY <–> AY + XB

179
Q

what molecule has an UNEQUAL charge distribution

A

polar molecules

180
Q

one nucleotide contains

A

1 phosphate
1 pentose sugar
1 nitrogen base

181
Q

the correct microbiological term for the sample that is put into a nutrient medium to produce a culture is an

A

inoculum

182
Q

term for purposeful addition of microorganisms into a laboratory nutrient medium is

A

inoculation

183
Q

simple staining colors cells what colors

A

blue or pink

184
Q

which method often results in colonies developing down throughout the agar along with some colonies on the surface

A

pour plate

185
Q

which isolation technique is most effective for the majority of applications and is most commonly used for colony isolation in the lab

A

streak plate

Microbiology (2 decks)

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