Microbiology Exam 1 Flashcards
term that is the specialized area of biology that deals with organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye
microbiology
what are the major groups of microorganisms
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, prions, helminths
what do microbiologists study
cell structure and function
growth and physiology
genetics
taxonomy and evolutionary history
interactions with living and nonliving environment
term for accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environments
evolution
what is not technically a microorganism
helminth
term that reproduces rapidly in large populations that can be gown in the lab and you cannot see them
microbes
kind of microbiology that deals with microbes that cause disease in humans and animals
medical microbiology
6 branches of microbiology
medical
public health and epidemiology
immunology
industrial
agricultural
environmental
kind of microbiology that monitors and controls the spread of diseases in communities
public health and epidemiology
kind of microbiology that asks how your immune system is working and how does it fight infection off
immunology
kind of microbiology that safeguards our food and water (beer, drugs, enzymes, and vitamins)
industrial
kind of microbiology that has relationship between microbes and domestic plants and animals
agricultural
kind of microbiology that is the effect of microbes on the earth’s diverse habitat
environmental
impact of microbes on the earth
shaped habitats
pathway for eukaryotes
cells that contain nucleus
eukaryotes
what type of cell are bacteria and archaea
prokaryotes
cells that have no nucleus
prokaryotes
what theory is an observable phenomenon testable by science
theory of evolution
what type of microorganism are bacteria algae
photosynthetic
photosynthetic microorganism account for more than ___% of earth’s photosynthesis
70
term for breakdown of dead matter and wastes
decomposition
what accomplishes decomposition
bacteria and fungi
term for agent such as virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoa, or helminth that can cause disease
pathogen
what kind of of diseases are CAUSED by microbes
infectious and communicable
what kind of diseases are NOT CAUSED by microbes
noninfectious and noncommunicable
term that is able to spread to others
communicable
small double membrane bound structures that perform specific functions
lack organelles
which cells are 10x smaller than usual
bacterial and archaea
6 types of microorganisms
helminth
fungus
bacterium
virus
prion
protozoan
where do microorganisms live
habitats
what do microorganisms derive from
food
factors from nonliving environment
parasites are harbored and nourished BY
the host
parasites cause damage and disease IN
the host
term for “act of god”
spontaneous generation
who had the first observations of microbes in 1600s
Robert Hooke
who made up the term cell
Robert Hooke
who made a crude microscope to examine threads in fabric
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
who made drawings of animalcules in rainwater and scraped from his teeth
Antonie van Leewenhoek
when was the discovery of restriction enzymes
1970s
when was the invention of PCR technique
1980s
what is the technique that amplifies DNA and learn entire genomes
PCR
when did the importance of small RNAs become increased
2000s
when was genetic identification of human microbiomes discovered
2010s and beyond
what reasoning uses general principles to explain specific observations
deductive
what reasoning has processes of discovering general principles by careful examination of specific species
inductive
what reasoning makes observations through experimentation
inductive
what leads to the discovery process of creation of general principle
inductive reasoning
who found microbes in dust and air that have a high heat resistance
John Tyndall
who discovered and described bacterial endospores
Ferdinand Cohn
term for completely free of all life forms
sterile
ways to sterilize
heat
light
drying out resistance
who went after John Tyndall
Ferdinand Cohn
who used ascetic techniques
Koch
Holmes
Semmelweis
Lister
who linked specific organisms with a specific disease
Robert Koch
who observed mothers who gave birth at home experienced few infections than mothers who gave birth in hospitals
Wendall Holmes
who showed that women became infected in the maternity ward after examinations by physicians who had come from working in the autopsy rooms without washing techniques
Ignaz Semmelweis
who was the first to utilize hand washing and misting operating rooms with antiseptic chemicals
Joseph Lister
what technique became the foundation for modern microbial control still in use today
aseptic
who showed human diseases could arise from infection
Pasteur
who established a series of proofs that verified the germ theory of disease
Robert Koch
term for assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and individual organisms
nomenculture
what is the coin of our realm
words
what is the combination of genus name and species name
binomial system
what name can be abbreviated
genus name
most general level of classification
domain
most specific level of classification
species
levels of classification starting at domain ending with species
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
who created taxonomy in 1700s
Carl von Linne
term for science of classifying biological species
taxonomy
5 kingdoms recognized
plants
animals
protista
monera
fungi
term for all tangible material that occupy space and have mass
matter
term for particles that cannot be subdivided into smaller substances without losing its properties
atoms
what is positively charged and found in nucleus
protons
what is negatively charged and surrounded by the nucleus
electrons