Microbiology Exam 1 pt 1

Question 1

Robert Hooke

Answer 1

Built the first compound microscope
Used it to observe mold

Question 2

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 2

Built single-lens magnifiers (first simple microscope), complete with sample holder and focus adjustment
First to observe single-celled microbes

Question 3

Francesco Redi

Answer 3

First to disprove spontaneous generation

Question 4

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Answer 4

Disproving spontaneous generation

Question 5

Florence Nightingale

Answer 5

Devised the polar area chart
First to recognize the diseases in warfare

Question 6

Louis Pasture

Answer 6

Discovery of the microbial basis of fermentation
Created the swan-neck flask
*a process of pasteurization to avoid
spoiling of wine

Question 7

John Tyndall

Answer 7

Demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms
The existence of exceptionally heat resistant forms of bacteria

Question 8

Ferdinand Cohn

Answer 8

First to discover heat-resistant bacteria could produce endospores

Question 9

Robert Koch

Answer 9

Founder of the scientific method of microbiology
The relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax

Question 10

Angeline and Walter Hesse

Answer 10

Found a solid medium using agar to promote bacterial growth

Question 11

Julius Petri

Answer 11

Created the double-dish containers
“petri dish”

Question 12

Mr. Onesimus and Lady Mary Montagu

Answer 12

was a slave from West Africa and introduced smallpox variolation to American colonies
introduces it to Europe from Turkey

Question 13

Edward Jenner

Answer 13

Infected people with matter from cowpox
Vaccination in latin vacca means cow

Question 14

Louis Pasteur

Answer 14

First to develop vaccines based on attenuated strain

Question 15

Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 15

Ordered doctors to wash their hands with chlorine
which causes the mortality rates of woman to fall during childbirth

Question 16

Joseph Lister

Answer 16

Provided indirect evidence that microorganisms were the causal agents of disease.
Developed an antiseptic surgery system to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds
His patients had fewer postoperative infections

Question 17

Alexander Fleming

Answer 17

Discovered Penicillium mold inhibited Staphylococcus aureus growth
Then Howard Flory and Ernst Chain purify penicillin
first commercial antibiotic to save
human lives

Question 18

Sergei Winogradsky

Answer 18

discovering lithotrophs
developed enrichment cultures
built the Winogradsky column

Question 19

Electron Microscopy

Answer 19

Two types: Scanning and Transmission
Resloution can be up to ~1000x better
Sample must be able to absorb electrons
Coat with heavy metal
Electron beam and sample is placed in
a vacuum
Lenses are magnetic fields

Question 20

TEM

Answer 20

Sample in a vacuum
Thin slices are cut and stained with heavy metal salts

Question 21

SEM

Answer 21

Specimen is fixed, dehydrated, and dried
Specimen is coated in gold
3D images is seen

Question 22

Light Microscopes

Answer 22

Lenses to magnify
3 different types:
Darkfield
Phase Contrast
Brightfield

Question 23

Numerical Aperture

Answer 23

NA= nsineθ
n=refractive index
θ= angle of the light cone

Question 24

Total Magnification

Answer 24

Ocular lens x Objective lens

Question 25

Wet mount

Answer 25

Placing microbes in a drop of water w/ a coverslip on top
Advantages:
Observe cells in natural state
View motility
Disadvantages:
Hard to see
Sample could dry out