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Microbiology > Microbiology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Microbiology Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

who was known as the father of western medicine

A

Hippocrates

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2
Q

Who proposed that swamps might harbor tiny, disease-causing animals too small to see?

A

Varro

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3
Q

If resolution is increased ___ ___ is too

A

numerical aperture

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4
Q

Resolution and ___ are negatively correlated

A

wavelength

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5
Q

Robert Hooke published the book called ___

A

Microphagia

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6
Q

difference between TEM and SEM microscopes

A

TEM- sees inside of cells like organelles, electron goes through specimen which has to be extremely flat
SEM- sees the surface of a cell, electron bounces off specimen and makes 3-D images

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7
Q

2 ways to view specimen under light microscope

A

wet mount- drop of water
heat fix- flaming the back or sitting it on a hot plate

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8
Q

2 ways to heat fix

A

hot plate/flame
acetone/ethanol/grams iodine

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9
Q

positive stain vs negative stain

A

+ stains the specimen, - stains the background

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10
Q

5 basic positive stains

A

fuchsin, crystal violet, malachite green, methylene blue, and safranin

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11
Q

5 steps of Gram staining

A

1) drop of water, specimen, heat fix
2) crystal violet
3) grams iodine-mordant
4) alcohol/ethanol- decolorizer
5) safranin

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12
Q

after completing grams stain, gram + bacteria is ___ or ___ in color and gram - is ___ or ___ in color

A

+ = purple or blue
- = pink or red

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13
Q

___ microscopy is good for living specimen

A

dark field

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14
Q

3 components pro- and eu- karyotic cells have in common

A

1) ribosomes
2) cytoplasm
3) 1-2 chromosomes

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15
Q

what do ribosomes do?

A

produce protein

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16
Q

difference in chromosomes in eu and prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells have multiple rod chromosomes
Prokaryotic cells have one circular chromosome

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17
Q

coccus

A

round bacteria- one

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18
Q

bacillus

A

rod

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19
Q

vibrio

A

curved rod

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20
Q

coccobacillus

A

short rod

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21
Q

spirillum

A

spiral

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22
Q

spirochete

A

helix

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23
Q

coccus- arrangement

A

one circle

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24
Q

diplococcus-arrangement

A

2 coccus

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25
Q

tetrad- arrangement

A

4 round cells in square

26
Q

streptococcus -arrangement

A

chain of coccus

27
Q

staphylococcus - arrangement

A

cluster of coccus

28
Q

bacillus - arrangement

A

single rod

29
Q

streptobacillus - arrangement

A

chain of rods

30
Q

prokaryotic DNA interacts with nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) that assist in ___

A

organization and packaging of chromosomes

31
Q

DNA organizing structures in eukaryotic cells

A

histones

32
Q

prokaryotic cells in unstable environments can store extra nutrition in ___

A

inclusions

33
Q

5 prokaryotic inclusions

A

volutin- polymerizes phosphate
gas- air to aid in buoyancy
carboxysomes- rubisco and carbon anhydrides-carbon metabolism
sulfur granules- create sulfur
magnetosomes- alignment of magnetic field

34
Q

___ are structures that essentially protect the bacterial genome in a dormant state when environmental conditions are unfavorable

A

endospores

35
Q

5 components of endospores

A

1) don’t gram stain
2) protect from extreme environments
3) dehydrated- no metabolic activity
4) no growth

36
Q

The process by which vegetative cells transform into endospores is called ___

A

sporulation

37
Q

when environmental conditions improve endospores go into ___

A

germination

38
Q

The plasma membrane structure of most bacterial and eukaryotic cell types is a bilayer composed mainly of phospholipids formed with ___ ___ and ___

A

ester linkages and protein

39
Q

archaeal membrane phospholipids are formed with ___ linkages

A

ether

40
Q

gram positive vs gram negative peptide bridges in cell wall

A

gram positive has pentaglycine cross bridges
gram negative has NAM direct cross linked

41
Q

gram positive cell wall structure

A

thicker peptidoglycan with imbedded TA’s and carb chains

42
Q

acid fast staining is used for bacteria with a waxy outer coating made with ___ acid

A

mycolic acid

43
Q

gram negative cell wall structure (3)

A

thinner polydoglycan, periplasmic space, and LPS on outer membrane

44
Q

phylum of gram negative bacteria

A

proteobacteria

45
Q

5 classes of proteobacteria

A

alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon

46
Q

alphaproteobacteria class and 2 taxa

A

oligotrophs- live in low nutrient places
chlamydia and rickettsia

47
Q

betaproteobacteria are ___ and include the genus

A

eutrophs and belong to the genus Neisseria

48
Q

gammaproteobacteria are the most diverse and include the genus ___ and order ___ and family ___

A

pseudomonas, vibrionales, etero

49
Q

deltaproteobacteria include ___ reducing bacteria

A

sulfate

50
Q

epsilonproteobacteria are ___ bacteria and include the 2 genera

A

microaerophilic and 2 genera Campylobacter and Helicobacter

51
Q

the ___ and ___ group are a part of nonproteobacteria

A

spirochetes and CBF

52
Q

2 spirochetes nonproteobacteria genus

A

borrelia and treponema

53
Q

the gram negative nonproteobacteria CBF group is made of

A

Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides

54
Q

CBF group are avid ___

A

fermenters

55
Q

the class ___ comprises of high G+C gram positive bacteria

A

actinobacteria

56
Q

the class ___ comprises of low G+C gram positive bacteria

A

bacilli

57
Q

3 Genuses of high G+C gram positive bacteria

A

streptomyces, mycobacteria, and bifidobacteria

58
Q

one large group of low G+C gram positive bacteria is ___

A

claustridia

59
Q

two genera of bacilli

A

bacillus and staphylococcus

60
Q

lactobacillales two bacteria (low G+C positive)

A

bacilli and cocci

61
Q

gram negative hyperthermophile

A

Acetothermus

Microbiology (3 decks)

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