Microbiology Exam 1 Flashcards
What did Leewenhoek do?
He created the simple one lens microscope using medium magnification- he named cells animolecules
Robert Hooke
He created the compound microscope using more than one lens. He looked at cork pieces under the compound microscope and coined the term “cells”
What did Koch do
He found that postulates were the cause of disease and said that certain microorganisms caused certain diseases “one microbe, one disease”- found tuberculosis, anthrax, and cholera
What did Koch do
He found that postulates were the cause of disease and said that certain microorganisms caused certain diseases “one microbe, one disease”- found tuberculosis, anthrax, and cholera
What did Semmelweis do
He advocated hand washing especially after touching infected cadavers. He observed higher mortality rates in birthing hospitals that examined cadavers
What did Lister do
He advocated hand washing carboxylic acid (wasn’t safe for Dr’s but safe for patients
What did John Snow do?
He was known as the father of epidemiology, tracked cholera outbreak back to a water pump
What did Jenner do
He created a small pox vaccine
What did Nightengale
She was a nurse who advocated for antiseptic technique during the Crimean war lowering soldier mortality rates and founded the Nightengale School of Nursing
What did Ehrlich do
He was known as the father of chemotherapy, he wanted to create a “magic bullet” drug that kill the pathogen but not the host
What did Pasteur and Redi prove
They proved spontaneous generation was not correct
What was Pasteur’s experiment
He put a nutrient rich broth called infusion into a swan neck flask and boiled it to kill microorganisms, then when do microorganisms grew, he tipped the flask on its side allowing microorganism trapped in the flask to go inside
What was Redi’s experiment
Redi used three jars containing meat: one was open, one had gauze over it, and one was sealed shut. After a few days, he noticed maggots in the open jar, maggots on top of the gauze, and no maggots in the sealed jar
What is Linneas’s naming rule
The name is Genus species either underlined or italicized
What did Linneas do
He created a taxonomy of 3 kingdoms: plant, animal, mineral.
Gave order to taxonomy: Kingdom, class, order, family, genus, species. Said 70% same homology = same species
What did Haeckel do
He proposed two additional kingdoms: protista and monera.
Added plants and fungi as well?
What did Whittaker do
He created the fifth kingdom, fungi. He distinguished between eukaryotes (nucleus) and prokaryotes (No nucleus, membrane bound organelles). He also created 2 classifications above kingdom, super kingdom and empire
What did Woese and Fox discover
They discovered ribosomal RNA (rRNA 16S was highly conserved and easier to access than DNA. They created the third domain Archaea so 3 are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya
What was Otzi the Iceman found to have (3 diseases)
- Trichuris trichiura
- Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease)
- Piptoporus betulinus
What were the ideas of why disease occured
Vengeful gods and miasmas
What did Hippocrates believe
He created the humoral cause of disease
ex) Cold and dry = black earth bile
What did Marcus Varro believe
That microbes caused disease
What did Thucydides believe
Noticed people who survived illnesses the first time, were less affected by it another time
Spallanzani’s experiment
He wanted to disprove spontaneous generation. He tried heating broth in open and closed vials and the one exposed to air had microorganisms
What additional things did Koch do? (7)
Simple staining techniques
First photomicrograph of bacteria
First photograph of bacteria in diseased tissue
Techniques for estimating bacterial number in a solution
Use of steam to sterilize growth media
Use of Petri dishes
Bacteria as distinct species
Wavelength of radiation in Gamma, radio, visible light
Gamma: 10^-12 to 10^-8
Radio: 10 to 10^-3
Visible light: 400nm to 700nm
Define refraction
This is when light bends as it goes through different mediums
Resolution
This is the measure of how close two objects can be while still seeing them as separate objects
Contrast
The difference in intensity of the background and the object or two objects
Wavelength
Distance between two peaks
Amplitude
Distance from top to bottom of peak
Frequency
Rate of vibration of wave
Interference
Light waves interacting with eachother
Diffraction
Light waves interacting with objects
Refractive Index
The measure of refraction compared to “empty space”
Numerical apiture
The lens’s ability to gather light
Gram stain primary and secondary dyes
Primary, positive = crystal violet
Secondary, negative = safranin
Focal point
where the light entering the lens is parallel
What is oil immersion used for
In light microscopy, is has a similar refractive index as glass reducing light scatter and increasing resolution
Light microscopy
Uses light to visualize images, has a condenser lens, multiple magnification of ocular lens with objective lens. 1-2 ocular lenses
Dark field microscopy (a type of light microscopy)
makes a dark background and light object, works for paler bacteria, increasing contrast and details
Fluorescence microscope (a type of light microscopy)
- This uses direct UV light
- specimen radiates energy back as a longer, visible wavelength
- UV light increases resolution and contrast
- Some cells are naturally fluorescent; others must be stained
- Used in immunofluorescence to identify pathogens and to make visible a variety of proteins
Fluorescent dyes used
Blue-DAPI red-FITC green-TRITC
Confocal microscopes (a type of light microscopy)
Use fluorescent dyes
Use UV lasers to illuminate fluorescent chemicals in a single plane
Resolution increased because emitted light passes through pinhole aperture
Computer constructs 3-D image from digitized images
2 types of electron microscopy
TEM: transmission electron
SEM: scanning electron
Benefits of electron microscopes and what detailed view does it have
Magnifies objects 10,000× to 100,000×
Better resolving power and magnification
Detailed views of bacteria, viruses, internal cellular structures, molecules, and large atoms
Difference between TEM and SEM electron microscopes
TEM electrons go through specimen to magnetic lens
SEM electrons bounce off specimen
Simple vs differential stain
Simple, one dye
Differential, multiple dyes
What does staining accomplish
It allows us to see size, arrangement, and shape of cells
What does differential staining accomplish
Distinguishes between different cells, chemicals, or structures
4 types of differential stain
Gram stain
Acid-fast stain
Endospore stain
Histological stains
2 common stains for histological staining
Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) stain
Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain
What do special stains do and list 3
They view microbial structures
1. negative
2. flagellar
3. fluorescent
What chemicals are used for electron staining and what is the purpose
It uses heavy metals, and it binds the specimen to the background
What 4 things do all cells posses
Cytoplasm, membrane. ribosomes, DNA
4 processes of life
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Structure of a phospholipid
It has a hydrophilic (polar) head and a hydrophobic (non-polar) tail
What are the 4 compounds that make up the phospholipid
saturated fatty acid tail, glycerol “neck”, phosphate + organic group head
Iso-, hyper-, and hypotonic environment differences
isotonic-same solution concentration on both sides
Hypertonic- A larger amount of concentration on one side-particles will leave creating crenation
Hypotonic- A smaller amount of concentration on one side- particles will go to this side expanding the cell causing it to lyse
