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A&P ll Final! > Microbiology Ch.14 > Flashcards

Microbiology Ch.14 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of immune system

A

protect the body from pathogens. To do this it must distinguish self from non self

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2
Q

Graft/organ rejection

A

our immune system trying to “protect” us from foreign invasions
* skin graft, kidney transplant, transfusion Disorders in Immunity

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3
Q

Allergen

A

Ag (usually innocuous) that causes an over-reactive immune response

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4
Q

Allergy symptoms can affect

A

airways, sinuses/nasal passages, skin, digestive system. 20% of allergies caused by dried feces of dust mites

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5
Q

Inhalants:

A

airborne environmental allergens such as pollen, house dust, dander, or fungal spores

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6
Q

Ingestants:

A

allergies triggered by drugs, vaccines, or hymenopteran (bee) venom

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7
Q

Contactants:

A

allergies that enter through the skin; many are type IV (delayed) hypersensitivities

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8
Q

Anaphylaxis:

A

severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction occurring shortly after (within seconds to a few minutes) exposure to allergen

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9
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Anaphylaxis

A

Loss of consciousness, Drop in blood pressure, Severe shortness of breath, Skin rash, Lightheadedness, Rapid, weak pulse, Nausea and vomiting

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10
Q

Chemical mediators are released that cause

A

shock due to vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction, bronchial constriction

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11
Q

Localized Anaphylaxis

A
  • Reactions include sneezing, tears, watery (red, itchy) eyes, breathing
    difficulty, rash, hives
  • Symptoms depend on the route of the allergen (inhalation, direct
    contact, etc.)
  • If allergen enters bloodstream it can cause widespread symptoms
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12
Q

Systemic Anaphylaxis

A
  • Results from massive release of mast cell granules in a short time
  • Can lead to anaphylactic shock
  • Damage to various organs
  • Condition may be fatal (usually due to asphyxiation)
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13
Q

Effects on our immune
system

A

Sanitization of water and food, medical advances, vaccines,
increase in personal hygiene

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14
Q

Effect of Breast Feeding on Immunity

A
  • Newborns breast fed exclusively for the first 4 months have a lower
    risk of asthma and eczema
  • Cytokines and growth factors in human milk act on the baby’s gut
    mucosa to induce tolerance to allergens
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15
Q

Human Microbiome Project:

A

600 species of bacteria can be
transferred to infants through breast milk

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16
Q

Immediate Hypersensitivity

A
  • IgE mediated mast cell degranulation
  • Triggered by interaction between allergen & IgE bound to
    mast cell, basophil or eosinophil
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17
Q

Allergic rhinitis (Hayfever)

A

mild allergy to inhaled Ag, resulting in sneezing, runny nose, congestion, nasal irritation

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18
Q

Allergic conjunctivitis

A

occurs if allergen affects the eyes, can result in tears, itching, inflammation in the eye

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19
Q

Allergic asthma

A

reactions are shortness of breath, wheezing, bronchial constriction, smooth muscle contraction surrounding airways

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20
Q

immediate reaction

A

occurs within a few minutes of injection

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21
Q

Late phase reaction

A

occurs 6-8 hours after immediate reaction subsides, involves
spreading of the swollen tissues beyond the site of injection

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22
Q

Epinephrine

A

acts quickly to improve breathing, stimulate the heart, raise dropping blood pressure, reverse hives,
reduce swelling of face, lips, throat

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23
Q

Epi-pen

A

is used in emergencies to treat very serious allergic reactions to insect stings/bites, foods, other
substances

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24
Q

Allergy March

A

individuals experience different Type I Hypersensitivities, from infant into adulthood, in a somewhat “ordered” sequence

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25
Q

Allergy March example

A

GI tract (food allergy), Eczema (atopic dermatitis), Asthma, Hayfever (seasonal allergy,
rhinitis, conjunctivitis)

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26
Q

An IgG mediated immune
Type 2 hypersensitivity

A

response to small reactive molecules that become bound to cell surfaces, making the
new cell appear as foreign
* B cells are stimulated to make IgG antibodies against the new
epitope

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27
Q

Ag-Ab complex formation

A

Binding of IgG to the modified cells

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28
Q

ABO blood groups

A

transfuse with compatible blood type or get Type II reaction, blood type determined by oligosaccharide attached to glycolipid on RBC surface

29
Q

Core structure:

A

lipid ceramide attached to an oligosaccharide of
Glucose-Galactose-N-acetyl galactosamine-Galactose-Fructose

30
Q

Group A

A

A Ag and B Ab

31
Q

Group B

A

B Ag and the A Ab

32
Q

Group AB

A

A and B Ags but neither A nor B Ab

33
Q

Group O

A

no A or B Ags but has both A and B Ab

34
Q

Type O blood

A

Universal Donor, can
donate blood to anybody

35
Q

Type AB+ blood

A

Universal Recipient, can
receive blood from all
blood types

36
Q

Immune Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity (type 3)

A

When Ab combines with its specific Ag, immune complexes are formed

37
Q

Type III hypersensitivity primarily mediated by

A

IgG and IgM, reaction can
take hours, days, or even weeks to develop

38
Q

Type III reactions can occur when

A

Abs or other proteins derived from non- human animal species given therapeutically Ex. Diabetics injected with bovine or porcine insulin may result in a reaction

39
Q

Local Immune Complex Disease or Arthus Reaction

A
  • immune complexes are formed locally in the tissues (skin), an acute response to second injection of drugs, vaccines; inflamed blood vessels in area of injection
  • Within a few hours area hot, red, painful
40
Q

Systemic Immune Complex Reaction

A
  • systemic injury occurs when Ag-Ab complexes circulate in blood, settle in vascular tissues of various organs (kidneys, heart, skin, joints
  • Named for condition in soldiers after repeated injections of horse serum to treat tetanus
41
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

Ag-Ab complex deposit mainly in the kidneys, skin, joints

42
Q

Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

A

While fighting Strept infection,
patient makes Ab that reacts against pathogen but also cross-reacts with glomerular Ag, causing Ag-Ab complexes to lodge in glomeruli

43
Q

Drug Induced Serum Sickness

A

Drugs act as hapten, combine with tissue protein in host, induce immune responses against the drug-host protein complex

44
Q

Farmer’s Lung and Bird fancier’s disease

A

Pulmonary diseases resulting from
inhalation of bacterial spores, (avian) fecal proteins

45
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the joints

46
Q

T cell mediated (type 4)

A

Involves interaction of activated T cells releasing cytokines & chemokines, summoning monocytes, macrophages, cytotoxic T cells that result in a local inflammatory response

47
Q

Contact

A

Occurs after sensitization with simple chemicals (ex. nickel,
formaldehyde), plant materials (poison ivy), some cosmetics, soaps

48
Q

Tuberculin

A

*Occurs due to sensitization of soluble Ags of microorganisms during many infectious diseases
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Leishmania tropica, Mycobacterium leprae

49
Q

Mantoux reaction to test for TB:

A

a small amount of Ag injected beneath the skin of a person previously exposed to M. tuberculosis

50
Q

T Cells and Their Role in Organ Transplantation

A

Transplantation or grafting of organs and tissues is a common
medical procedure
* Although it is life-giving, it is plagued with the natural tendency of lymphocytes to seek out and destroy foreign antigens (Graft
Rejection)

51
Q

Autograft

A

tissue transplanted from one site on an individual’s body
to another site

52
Q

Isograft

A

tissue from identical twin is used

53
Q

Allograft:

A

exchanges between genetically different individuals belonging to the same species; the most common types of grafts

54
Q

Xenograft

A

a tissue exchange between individuals of a different
species

55
Q

Autoimmunity

A

individuals actually develop hypersensitivity to
themselves

56
Q

systemic

A

involves several major organs

57
Q

organ specific

A

involves only one organ or tissue

58
Q

Primary

A

Immunodeficiencies result from genetic disorder (Congenital
immunodeficiency)

59
Q

Secondary

A

Acquired immunodeficiencies result from infection by
immunosuppressive microbes (e.g., HIV)

60
Q

B-cell defects (low levels of B cells and antibodies): (primary)

A

Agammaglobulinemia (X-linked, non-sex-linked)
* Hypogammaglobulinemia
* Selective immunoglobulin deficiencies

61
Q

T-cell defects (lack of all classes of T cells): (primary)

A

Thymic aplasia (DiGeorge syndrome)

62
Q

Combined B-cell and T-cell defects (usually caused by lack or abnormality of
lymphoid stem cell) (primary)

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease
* Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency

63
Q

Complement defects
(primary)

A

Lacking one of C components
* Hereditary angioedema associated with rheumatoid diseases

64
Q

Secondary immune deficiencies Natural cause

A

infections (AIDS) or cancers
* Nutrition deficiencies
* Stress
* Pregnancy
* Aging

65
Q

Secondary immune deficiencies
immunosuppressive agents

A
  • Irradiation
  • Severe burns
  • Steroids
  • Immunosuppressive drugs
  • Removal of spleen
66
Q

Molecular mimicry:

A

Microbial Ag with molecular determinants similar to
human cells can induce the formation of autoantibodies

67
Q

Gut Microbiome:

A

altered microbiomes (use of antibiotics, less exposure
to being outdoors, bad diet) increase in autoimmunity

68
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Attachment of autoantibodies to receptors on thyroxin-secreting
follicle cells of the thyroid gland
* Abnormal stimulation of these cells causes over- production of
the thyroid hormone and the symptoms of hyperthyroidism

69
Q

Type I diabetes

A

Molecular mimicry has been implicated in the sensitization of
cytotoxic T cells to attack and lyse insulin-producing cells
* Reduced amount of insulin underlies the symptoms of this
disease

A&P ll Final! (4 decks)

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