Microbiology and Antimicrobials

Question 1

what is gram positive colour

Answer 1

purple

Question 2

name a gram negative bacteria

Answer 2

prevotella intermedia

Question 3

what is capnophilic

Answer 3

carbon dioxide

Question 4

what is facultative

Answer 4

live with and without oxygen

Question 5

when does antimicrobial resistance occur

Answer 5

when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change in ways that render the medications used to cure infections they cause ineffective

Question 6

what are the 2 types of resistance genes

Answer 6

intrinsic (structural)
acquired (mutations)

Question 7

what are the 3 types of mutation a microbe can go through

Answer 7

transformation/transduction/conjugation

Question 8

what are the 3 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

Answer 8

altered target site
enzymatic inactivation
decreased uptake

Question 9

name a microbe which has resistance by altered target site

Answer 9

streptococci

Question 10

name 2 microbes which have resistance by enzymatic inactivation

Answer 10

prevotella and fusobacterium

Question 11

how does altered target site work

Answer 11

bacteria change penicillin binding proteins

Question 12

how does enzymatic inactivation work

Answer 12

bacteria produce enzyme (beta-lactamase) which destroys the antibiotic

Question 13

how do you treat an extended spectrum beta-lactamase infection

Answer 13

carbapenems

Question 14

what are the 2 main microbes associated with acute pyogenic dental infections

Answer 14

streptococcus anginosus
prevotella intermedia

Question 15

what is the ideal specimen for dental infections

Answer 15

aspirated pus

Question 15

what are the treatment principles for dental infections

Answer 15

localise infection
establish diagnosis
remove source

Question 16

what anaerobes are involved in pericoronitis

Answer 16

prevotella intermedia
streptococcus anginosis

Question 17

how do you treat pericoronitis

Answer 17

locally (scale)
systemically (metronidazole)

Question 18

what microbes are involved in ORN

Answer 18

anaerobic gram negative rods
anaerobic streptococci
strep anginosus
staph aureus

Question 19

what anaerobes are involved in salivary gland infection

Answer 19

staph aureus and anaerobes

Question 20

how do you treat salivary gland infection

Answer 20

drainage
flucloxacillin and metronidazole

Question 21

what anaerobe is involved in ludwigs angina

Answer 21

prevotella intermedia

Question 22

what is sepsis

Answer 22

life threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to infection

Question 23

what signs tell you that the patient has sepsis

Answer 23

SIRS signs and infection (suspected or confirmed)

Question 24

what are the treatment principles of sepsis

Answer 24

primary care - know red flag signs secondary care - diagnosis, sepsis 6, NEWS

Question 25

what does SIR mean in antibiotic resistance testing

Answer 25

S - susceptible at standard dose I - susceptible but need increased exposure or dose R - resistant even with increased exposure or dose

Question 26

what is automated susceptibility testing system

Answer 26

isolate bacteria put test strips into machine quantitative data produced

Question 27

what is a breakpoint in automated susceptibility testing system

Answer 27

chosen concentration of antibiotic which defines whether a species of bacteria is susceptible or resistant to the antibiotic

Question 28

what are the confounding variables when testing for antibiotic resistance

Answer 28

inoculum size pH phase of growth biofilm atmosphere co-morbidities pus collections site of infection foreign bodies biofilm

Question 29

what should be the firs principle of management when dealing with dental infections

Answer 29

surgical drainage

Question 30

what is anti-microbial stewardship

Answer 30

team working to reduce antimicrobial use

Question 31

what actions promote using antimicrobials responsibly

Answer 31

hand hygiene team work data management

Question 32

what strategic objectives are in place to reduce use of antimicrobials

Answer 32

reduce incident reduce need for unintentional exposure to antimicrobials

Question 33

how do we reduce the amount of antimicrobials given out

Answer 33

infection prevention antimicrobial stewardship decreasing prescriptions

Question 34

what is pen v most effective against

Answer 34

oral streptococci anaerobes selected gram negative

Question 35

what is amoxicillin most effective against

Answer 35

broader spectrum than pen V so greater impact on selection of resistant microflora

Question 36

what is dental stewardship

Answer 36

keep antibiotics for infections use pen V as first line use for 5 days duration