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Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which organism is the commonest cause of food poisoning?

A

Campylobacter

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2
Q

Which organisms are more likely to cause outbreaks of food poisoning?

A

Salmonella

E. coli 0157

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3
Q

What is the incubation period for Staph. aureus and Bacillus cereus?

A

Short

1-6 hours

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4
Q

Staph. aureus produces a toxin which is rapidly absorbed by the stomach. True/False?

A

True

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5
Q

What is the incubation period for Salmonella and Cl. perfringens?

A

Medium

12-48 hours

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6
Q

What is the incubation period for Campylobacter and E. coli 0157?

A

Long

2-14 days

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7
Q

Which foods does Campylobacter mainly colonise?

A

Poultry
Raw milk
Poor food preparaiton

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8
Q

Is Campylobacter likely to spread from person to person?

A

No

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9
Q

Which foods does Salmonella mainly colonise?

A

Poultry
Raw egg
Meat, animal guts

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10
Q

What is the significance of the antigens found on Salmonella?

A

Different antigens on different strains, so specific antibodies will agglutinate

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11
Q

Which foods does E. coli 0157 colonise?

A

Beef
Raw milk, water
Wide variety really

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12
Q

Is E. coli 0157 likely to spread from person to person?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Who is most at risk of complications from E. coli 0157 infection?

A

Children + elderly

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14
Q

What is the name of the toxin produced by E. coli 0157?

A

Verotoxin (VTEC)

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15
Q

Which syndrome can result due to verotoxin?

A

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome

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16
Q

What are the sites of action of antibiotics in a cell?

A

Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA

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17
Q

What is the main class of antibiotic which acts on the beta-lactam ring on the cell wall of bacteria?

A

Pencillins

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18
Q

Does antibiotic use lead to antibiotic resistance?

A

Yes

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19
Q

How does antibiotic use have public health consequences for other people, in terms of resistance?

A

Resistant bacteria are selected out in presence of antibiotic, and can spread between patients

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20
Q

What is meant by antimicrobial stewardship?

A

Prescribing optimum dosage and duration of antimicrobial treatment that results in best clinical outcome, prevention of infection and minimal resistance

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21
Q

What is gastroenteritis and what is the consequence regarding absorption?

A

Inflammation of stomach and small intestine

Limits absorption of nutrients and water

22
Q

Which out of bacteria, viruses and parasites is the most common cause of gastroenteritis?

23
Q

What is meant by toxin-mediated food poisoning?

A

Toxin has been preformed by the bacteria on the host before ingestion of food, leading to acute symptoms once the food has been eaten

24
Q

List common organisms that produce preformed toxins

A

Stap. aureus
Clostridium perfringens
Bacillus cereus
E. coli 0157

25
Acute enteritis often presents with fever, diarrhoea, vomiting and abdo pain. Is the diarrhoea usually bloody?
No
26
Acute colitis often presents with fever, diarrhoea and abdo pain. Is the diarrhoea usually bloody?
Yes
27
What are the main organisms that cause bloody diarrhoea?
Campylobacter Shigella E. coli 0157 Amoebas
28
What is the usual duration of Campylobacter infection?
5-14 days
29
Typhoid is an enteric fever like illness caused by which organism?
Salmonella
30
Which type of culture - urine, stool or blood - is key to diagnosing typhoid?
Blood | Stool and urine would be done too though
31
Name the 4 main stool investigations for infectious organisms, from most used to least
Stool culture Stool microscopy Stool toxin Stool PCR
32
Which stool investigation is appropriate for Salmonella, Campylobacter and Shigella?
Stool culture
33
Which stool investigation is appropriate for Giardia, Amoebas and parasitic infections?
Stool microscopy
34
Which stool investigation is appropriate for Clostridium Difficile and E. coli 0157?
Stool toxin
35
Which stool investigation is appropriate for Norovirus?
Stool PCR
36
Which 3 markers assess the severity of C. difficile infection?
Suspicion of pseudomembranous colitis/toxic megacolon/ileus WCC greater than 15 High creatinine
37
What is first line treatment for gastroenteritis?
Oral rehydration or IV fluids
38
Which antibiotic is commonly used for non-severe C. diff?
Oral metronidazole
39
Which antibiotic is used for severe C. diff?
Oral vancomycin | NEVER IV
40
Which antibiotic is used for first recurrence of C. diff infection?
Fidaxomycin
41
Which organism is the most common cause of traveller's diarrhoea?
E. coli 0157 (produces VTEC)
42
Which antibiotic is used for amoeba and giardia infections?
Metronidazole
43
What is the commonest cause of viral diarrhoea in kids under 3 years old?
Rotavirus
44
How is rotavirus spread?
Faeco-oral
45
Which virus is known as the winter vomiting bug?
Norovirus
46
How is norovirus spread?
Faeco-oral | Droplets
47
Describe the nature of vomiting that comes with norovirus
Explosive and sudden | Lead to environmental contamination
48
What is the diagnostic test for rotavirus and norovirus?
PCR, on stool or vomit
49
Define SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome)
More than 2 of Temperature over 38 or less than 36 RR over 20 WCC less than 4k or over 12k
50
Define sepsis
SIRS + suspected/confirmed underlying infectious process
51
What is involved in the sepsis 6 treatment?
Take blood cultures + FBC + urine output | Give fluids + antibiotics + oxygen
52
Which antibiotics are given for peritonitis/biliary tract intra-abdominal infection?
IV amoxicillin + metronidazole + gentamicin | vancomycin if pen-allergic

Gastroenterology (24 decks)

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