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Gastroenterology > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

Right-Sided Heart Failure is associated with what type of GI Symptom?

A

Firm, Smooth, Tender, Pulsatile Liver

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2
Q

What is the sign on an X-Ray of a Cholocystoenteric Fistula?

A

Pneumobilia

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3
Q

Is Achalasia an Obstructive or Motility Disorder?

A

Motility Disorder

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4
Q

A patient has Lynch Syndrome, what organ is at particularly high risk of developing a Carcinoma?

A

Stomach (Gastric)

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5
Q

GIST’s develop from what type of Cells?

A

Interstitial Cells of Cajal

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6
Q

What condition presents between 2-6 weeks of age?

A

Pyloric Stenosis

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7
Q

What Surgery is Indicated for Recurrent Esophageal Varices?

A

TIPS

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8
Q

What lymph nodes will most likely be the earliest metastatic site for Gallbladder Cancer?

A

Lund’s Node

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9
Q

What drug can cause Hypokalemia?

A

Senna

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10
Q

What artery supplies the Posterior part of the Stomach?

A

Splenic Artery

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11
Q

What is the adverse effect of Metoclopramide in younger patients?

A

Oculogyric Crisis (Upward deviation of the eyes)

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12
Q

What is Courvoisier’s sign?

A

A palpable gallbladder in the presence of painless jaundice is unlikely to be gallstones

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13
Q

What is green vomit indicative of in a baby?

A

Bowel Obstruction

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14
Q

What Gene Mutation is associated with Pancreatic Cancer?

A

KRAS

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15
Q

Extra-Intestinal Manifestations of IBDs?

A 
Aphthous ulcers
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Iritis
Erythema nodosum
Sclerosing cholangitis
Arthritis
Clubbing
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16
Q

Where is the site of obstruction in a patient with an annular pancreas?

A

Second part of the Duodenum

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17
Q

What is the Surgery for Achalasia?

A

Heler’s Cardiomyotomy

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18
Q

What Cells are needed to make a diagnosis of Barrett’s?

A

Columnar Epithelium + Goblet Cells

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19
Q

What are the Autoimmune Antibodies in Pernicious Anemia?

A

Autoimmune Antibodies to Parietal Cells

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20
Q

What is a sign of Cecal Carcinoma?

A

Weight Loss, Microcytic Anemia, Pain/Mass in the RIF

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21
Q

What Fistulas Can form as a Complication of Diverticular Disease?

A 
Colovesical Fistula
Colovaginal Fistula 
Colouterine Fistula 
Coloenteric Fistula 
Colocutaneous Fistula
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22
Q

Which has a Shorter Half-Life, Albumin or Prothrombin?

A

Prothrombin

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23
Q

Lynch Syndrome is Associated with what type of Tumors?

A

Right-Sided Colonic Malignancy & Endometrial Malignancy

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24
Q

What is Murphy’s Sign?

A

It is inspiratory arrest upon the palpation of the Right Upper Quadrant (Suggestive of Cholecystitis)

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25
Q

Affect of Somatostatin on the GI Tract

A

Stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to release lipase

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26
Q

Name a Laxative which has Carcinogenic Potential

A

Co-Danthramer is genotoxic and should only be prescribed to palliative patients.

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27
Q

Describe Diphenoxylate MOA

A

Diphenoxylate acts on μ-opioid receptors in the GI tract to slow down peristalsis

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28
Q

What artery supplies the Bile Duct?

A

Hepatic Artery

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29
Q

What Components of Blood are affected post-splenectomy?

A

The granulocyte and platelet count are the first to be affected following splenectomy. Then reticulocytes increase. Although lymphocytosis and monocytosis are reported, these take several weeks to develop.

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30
Q

What is underactive in Gilbert’s Syndrome?

A

There is decreased activity in Glucuronyltransferase.

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31
Q

What Causes Exudative Ascites?

A

Infection, Malignancy, Inflammation

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32
Q

What Arthritic Conditions are associated with IBD?

A

Migratory Polyarthritis & Sacrolitis

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33
Q

What is the most common cause of Nodular Hepatomegaly?

A

Liver Metastases

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34
Q

Describe a Cholestatic Picture. (LFTs)

A

ALP & GGT raised more than ALT/AST

35
Q

What is the “Bird Beak Sign” on a Barium Swallow?

A

The gross dilatation of the proximal esophagus and the stricturing of the distal esophagus.

36
Q

Describe a Carcinoid Tumor

A

It is an uncommon serotonin-secreting neuroendocrine tumor, that is typically seen in the terminal ileum.

37
Q

What are the Charactersitics of Gilbert Syndrome?

A

Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
Normal Liver function
No Hemolysis
No Evidence of Liver Disease

38
Q

What is a Complication of Appendicitis?

A

It can result in a thrombosis of the appendicular artery (AKA endarteritis obliterans)

39
Q

Symptoms of Appendicitis in Children

A

Pain
Tachycardia
Low-Grade Fever
Raised Inflammatory Markers

40
Q

What is a risk factor for HCC that is associated with grains and seeds?

A

Aflatoxin

41
Q

Are Psuedopolyps seen in UC or Crohns?

A

UC

42
Q

An APC mutation is seen in FAP, what is seen on a Colonoscopy?

A

Multiple Colonic Adenomas

43
Q

What is the MOA of Metoclopramide?

A

Metoclopramide acts directly on the smooth muscle of the LOS to cause it to contract.

44
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Acute Pancreatitis?

A

It includes autodigestion of pancreatic tissue by the pancreatic enzymes, leading to necrosis

45
Q

What is the cause of Pernicious Anemia?

A

Pernicious anaemia is due to autoimmune destruction of gastroparietal cells.

46
Q

What is a contraindication for Laprascopic Surgery?

A

Raised Intracranial Pressure

47
Q

What Blood tests are required for a carcinoid tumor?

A

Chromogranin A
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE)
Substance P
Gastrin

48
Q

A colonic Polyp is associated with what growth/change process?

A

Dysplasia

49
Q

Where do the peptic ulcers caused by Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome typically appear?

A

First/Second Part of the Duodenum

50
Q

What is the physiological cause of pale stools or dark urine?

A

Decreased levels of conjugated bilirubin reaching the intestinal tract leads to a decreased production of stercobilin.

51
Q

What is the most common site of ischemic colitis?

A

The Splenic Flexure

52
Q

What type of epithelial cells exist in the gallbladder?

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

53
Q

The loss of which enzyme leads to steatorrhea?

A

Lipase

54
Q

What tumor marker is associated with Colon Cancer?

A

CEA

55
Q

What is the most commonly damaged nerve during vein harvest for CABG?

A

Saphenous nerve

56
Q

What is the common presenting picture with Giardia lamblia?

A

Giardia causes fat malabsorption, therefore greasy stool can occur. It is resistant to chlorination, hence risk of transfer in swimming pools.

57
Q

Where are bile salts absorbed?

A

Terminal Ileum

58
Q

Name and list a reason for administering drugs for a patient with Crohn’s.

A

Corticosteroids - 2nd line to induce remission
5-ASA - 1st Line for inducing remission
Anti-TNF - Used in refractory and Fistulating Crohn’s

59
Q

Name the borders of the Femoral Canal

A

Inguinal Ligament - Anterior
Pectineus - Posterior
Femoral Vein - Lateral
Lacunar Ligament - Medial

60
Q

What is a structural abnormality that can lead to chronic pancreatitis?

A

Pancreas divisum

61
Q

What is the most likely underlying condition in a patient with celiac disease that initially improves then the symptoms re-appear?

A

T-Cell Lymphoma

62
Q

What drug increases the rate of gastric emptying in a vagotomized stomach?

A

Erythromycin

63
Q

What type of tissue may be seen in Meckel’s Diverticulum?

A

Ectopic Tissue

64
Q

What is the most common site of Bowel intussusception?

A

Ileocolic

65
Q

What are the symptoms/signs of Scurvy?

A

Gingivitis

Perifollicular Hemorrhages

66
Q

What drug should be avoided in bowel obstruction?

A

Metoclopramide

67
Q

Raised Serum Urea levels are seen as a complication in what condition?

A

Upper GI Bleed

68
Q

What is the MOA of metoclopramide?

A

It inhibits dopamine (D2) receptors and Serotonin (5-HT3) receptors, in the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CTZ).

69
Q

What is the first-line investigation in a suspected perforated Peptic Ulcer?

A

Erect Chest X-Ray

70
Q

What deficiencies can lead to Budd-Chiari Syndrome?

A

Protein C/S

71
Q

What are the 3 borders of the Hepatobiliary Triangle?

A

Common Hepatic Duct
The Cystic Duct
Inferior surface of the Liver

72
Q

What does H.pylori increase/decrease in the stomach?

A

Increases Acid Production

73
Q

What mutation is a risk factor for desmoid tumors?

A

APC Mutation

74
Q

What is the hormone that inhibits Gastrin?

A

Somatostatin

75
Q

What are the investigations for Achalasia?

A

Endoscopy
Barium Swallow
Esophageal Manometry

76
Q

What Hormones do carcinoid tumors produce?

A

Serotonin, Bradykinin, Histamine, Prostaglandins

77
Q

What is an isolated rise in ALP commonly associated with?

A

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

78
Q

What embryological layer do Mallory Bodies originate from?

A

Endodermal

79
Q

What are the symptoms of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth?

A

Symptomatic Anemia
Chronic Diarrhea
Low Vitamin B12
High Folate

80
Q

What are the 4 features seen in the tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Pulmonary Stenosis
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
VSD
Overriding Aorta

81
Q

What cardiac abnormality is associated with Late-stage cirrhosis and alcohol abuse?

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

82
Q

What drug is used in the prophylactic treatment of esophageal varices?

A

Non-Cardioselective Beta Blockers (Propranolol)

83
Q

“Chain of Lakes” is seen in what condition?

A

Chronic Pancreatitis

84
Q

GET SMASHED is a mnemonic for causes of pancreatitis. What does it stand for?

A 
Gallstones
Ethanol (alcohol)
Trauma
Steroids
Mumps, malignancy
Autoimmunity
Scorpion stings
Hyperlipidemia, hypercalcemia
ERCP
Drugs

Gastroenterology (24 decks)

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