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Phase 2 Mine > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are some pyogenic conditions associated with staphylococci?

A

Wound infections
Abscesses
Osteomyelitis

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2
Q

What are toxin mediated conditions associated with staphylococci?

A

Scaled skin syndrome

Toxic shock syndrome

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3
Q

What are conditions linked to coagulase negative staphylococci?

A

Septicaemia

Endocarditis

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4
Q

What is the main virulence factors for staphylococci epidermidis?

A

Persistent biofilm

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5
Q

Virulence factors for S. saprophyticus?

A

Haemagglutinin for adhesion

Urease - kidney stone

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6
Q

Complications of S. pyogenes

A

Rheumatic fever

Glomerulonephritis

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7
Q

Virulence factors of S. pyogenes can be classified into

A

Surface factors

Secreted factors

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8
Q

Secreted virulence factors of S. Pyogenes

A

Hyaluronidase - spreading
Streptokinase - break down clots
Streptolysin - O and S toxin - binding cholesterol
C5a peptidase - decrease chemotaxis
Erythrogenic toxin - exaggerated response

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9
Q

Surface virulence factors of S. Pyogenes

A

Hyaluronic acid capsule - protect phagocytosis

M protein surface proteins - encourage complement degradation

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10
Q

Diseases caused by S. pneumoniae

A

Sinusitis
Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia

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11
Q

Percent of people who carry S. Pneumoniae commensally??

A

30%

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12
Q

Risk factors for s. Pneumoniae infection

A

Hypogammaglobulinaemia
Asplenia
Impaired mucus trapping

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13
Q

What is likely to be if child presents with severe sore throat, fever, malaise, thick greyish membrane tonsils and lymphadenopathy in neck for 2 days?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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14
Q

Treating C. diphtheriae?

A

Anti toxin

Erythromycin

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15
Q

What are the 5 species of plasmodium?

A
  1. P. vivax
  2. P. ovale
  3. P.falciparum
  4. P. malariae
  5. P. knowlesi
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16
Q

Vectors for malaria?

A

Female anopheles mosquito

17
Q

Describe the vector stage of pathophysiology of malaria?

A
  1. Female anopheles mosquito becomes infected after taking a blood meal containing gametocytes - sexual form
  2. Developmental cycle in mosquito = 7-21 days depending on temperature –> infective sporozoites –> migrate to salivary glands
18
Q

Describe the host stage of pathophysiology of malaria?

A
  1. Injected into human host –> destroyed by immune system –> taken up by liver
  2. Multiple inside hepatocytes as merozoites - pre-erythrocyte sporogeny
  3. After few days - rupture of hepatocytes - release of merozoites into blood , taken up by erythrocytes
  4. Inside - parasites multiply changing from merozoites to trophozoites to schizont to merozoites (8-24 new)
    7) Erythrocyte rupture - release merozoites
19
Q

What are malaria cycles known as in blood?

A

Erythrocytic schizogony - 48 hrs in P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale

20
Q

Clinical features of malaria?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Chills, sweats
  3. Headache
  4. Myalgia
  5. Fatigue
  6. Nausea and vomiting
  7. Diarrhoea
21
Q

Specific presentation of P. falciparum

A
  1. Cerebral malaria - marked diminished consciousness, convulsion
  2. ARDS - vascular occlusion, anaemia, lactic acidosis, increase vasc permeability –> SOB, hypoxia, pulmonary oedema
  3. Shock
  4. Bleeding - thrombocytopoenia, activation of coagulation cascade,
  5. Renal failure - fatigue, proteinuria, haematuria
22
Q

Time frame of malaria presentation

A

Falciparum unlikely to be present >3months

Vivax up to 1 year

23
Q

Non-specific features of malaria?

A
  1. Anaemia
  2. Low platelets
  3. Hyper bilirubinaemia
  4. Mildly raised transaminases
24
Q

Diagnosis of malaria?

A
  1. Thick films:
    - indicates malaria presence
  2. Thin films:
    - what species and count
25
Q

Treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria?

A
  1. Riamet oral (brand name)

2. Oral quinine + doxycycline to treat undiscovered malaria

26
Q

What is complicated falciparium malaria?

A
  1. Impaired consciousness/ extreme weakness
  2. Parasitic count
  3. Spontaneous bleeding, Haemoglobulinuria
  4. Shock, pulmonary oedema
27
Q

P. vivax and p.ovale treatment?

A

Primaquine for hypnozoite clearance

28
Q

Non-falciparum malaria treatment?

A

Oral chloroquine

29
Q

Specific action pathway of P.falciparum?

A
  1. Cytoadherence - infected RBC display specific membrane proteins on their surface - adhere to microvascular endothelium
  2. Rosetting - adhere to other non-infected RBC -rosettes
  3. Sequestration - of parasites in major organs - can hide from immune system and mature

Phase 2 Mine (12 decks)

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