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CRS 1 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 commensal bacteria of the nasal cavity

A
  • Streptococcus
  • Staphylococci
  • Niesseria
  • Haemophilus
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2
Q

What areas of the respiratory tract might you find bacteria? (4)

A
  • Oral cavity
  • Nasal passages and sinuses
  • Upper respiratory mucosa
  • Epithelia surfaces
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3
Q

How can commensal organisms become pathogenic? (4)

A
  • Multiplication because too much
  • Change in properties
  • Hosts become impaired
  • Predisposing factors like cold air or dehydration
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4
Q

What is the clinical relevance of commensals?

A

you need to be aware of them so when doing bacterial swabs you recognise which organisms are usually there

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5
Q

Define pathogen

A

An organism that causes disease, it should be found in all animals suffering from the disease, and when isolated, grown, and introduced into a new animal, it should also cause disease

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6
Q

What is the microbial disease process? (4)

A
  • Invasion or colonisation
  • Multiplication
  • Tissue injury
  • Disease
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7
Q

Define a commensal organism

A

an organism that exists on a host without causing disease

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8
Q

Define a opportunistic organism

A

An organism that causes disease given the chance

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9
Q

State 4 features of fungi

A
  • Grow anaerobically at 25 degrees
  • Heterotrophic nutrition
  • Can reproduce sexually and asexually
  • Non-photosynthetic
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10
Q

How can fungi be differentiated

A
  • Colony morphology, size, colour, depressions and elevations
  • Spore structure
  • hyphae structure, septa, colour
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11
Q

How would you identify that an animal had a fungal infection? (3)

A
  • Take a biopsy
  • Use microscopy
  • Serology
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12
Q

How can bacteria be differentiation? (9)

A
  • Gram type
  • Acid fast
  • Mycoplasma
  • Morphology
  • Respiration type
  • Nutrient requirements
  • Specific reactions like catalase
  • Phage-type
  • serology, ELISA
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13
Q

How can susceptibility to antimicrobials be used for selective media?

A

Antimicrobials can be added to the media and some organisms will be resistant to it and will be able to grow, some won’t, this can help differentiate organisms

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14
Q

What three results can you get from a haemolysis assay?

A
  • Alpha haemolysis is partial lysis, incomplete production of the green zone of lysis
  • Beta haemolysis is complete lysis, destruction of the clear zone
  • Gamma is absence of lysis
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15
Q

State 4 types of bacteriological media

A
  • Selective
  • indicator
  • nutrient
  • Enriched
  • Minimal
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16
Q

How is media sterilised?

A

Autoclaved or lightly heated if too reactive

17
Q

In what ways can bacterial colony morphologies differ? (5)

A
  • Shape
  • Size
  • Mucoid
  • growing on top or into the media
  • colour
18
Q

What different specific tests can be done on bacteria to differentiate them? (4)

A
  • Oxidase
  • Catalase
  • CAMP
  • Fermentation assays
19
Q

What are two characteristics of Streptococcus equi?

A
  • Gram positive

- Beta haemolytic

20
Q

What is Kochs postulate?

A

A pathogen must be present in all animals suffering from the disease, when isolated and cultured and introduced to a new animal it must cause the disease.

21
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns are components that pathogens express that are recognised by the host as danger signals

22
Q

What are PRRS?

A

Pathogen recognition receptors are receptors expressed by the host that recognise the PAMPs

23
Q

Name 2 common PAMPs?

A

Lipopolysaccarides and peptidoglycan

24
Q

Name the most important PRR

A

Toll like receptors

25
Q

Which TLR responds to gram-positive bacteria?

A

2

26
Q

Which TLR responds to gram-negative bacteria?

A

4

27
Q

Which TLR responds to flagellum?

A

5

28
Q

Why aren’t commensals destroyed by the immune system?

A

TLRs are only present on the basal surface of epithelial and are not in contact with them, inflammation only occurs when there is a barrier injury and PAMPS come into contact with TLRs

29
Q

State 4 clinical syndromes associated with systemic inflammation

A
  • shock
  • sepsis
  • MODS
  • SIRS
30
Q

How can viruses be differentiated? (6)

A
  • Enveloped or not
  • antigens
  • nature of genome
  • size and morphology
  • immunohistochemistry
  • agglutination test
31
Q

Explain how a virus replicates? (8)

A
  • Adsoption
  • acquisition
  • initiation
  • uncoating of nucleic acid
  • replication of nucleic acid
  • synthesis of protein
  • proteins released
  • incubation
32
Q

What three ways can a virus enter a cell?

A
  • fusion
  • receptor mediated endocytosis
  • direct translocation
33
Q

What two ways can a virus protein leave a cell?

A
  • budding

- cytolysis

34
Q

In what ways can viruses use the host cells? (4)

A
  • Use ribosomes to form proteins
  • DNA polymerase
  • RNA polymerase
  • some use parts of the membrane
35
Q

Explain how a virus enters a cell via fusion? (3)

A
  • Virus binds to receptors
  • viral proteins change shape exposing fusion protein
  • viral proteins released into the cell

CRS 1 (12 decks)

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