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Opthalmology > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What bacteria commonly cause conjunctivitis in neonates

A

Staph aureus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia trachomatis

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2
Q

Which bacteria are common causes of conjunctivitis in children and adults

A

Staph aureus
Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae

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3
Q

How do you treat bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Swab and determine organism
Topical antibiotics - usually chloramphenicol
Drops or ointment
Gentamicin if C isn’t going to work

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4
Q

Which viruses are common causes of conjunctivitis

A

Adenovirus
Herpes simplex
Herpes zoster

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5
Q

Describe the presentation of chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

Often a chronic history
Doesn’t respond to normal treatment
Bilateral conjunctivitis in young adults
May or may not have genital symptoms

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6
Q

Which pathogens can cause microbial keratitis

A

Bacteria
Viruses - herpes/adeno
Fungi

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7
Q

Describe the presentation of bacterial keratitis

A 
Lots of pain 
Reduced vision 
Red eye 
White lesion in the cornea - hypopyon
Usually occurs alongside other pathology or contact lens wear
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8
Q

How do you treat bacterial keratitis

A

Need to be admitted as requires hourly drops
Daily review
Treat other pathology
Quinolones and Gentamicin

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9
Q

Viral keratitis usually occurs alongside another eye pathology -true or false

A

FALSE
bacterial usually alongside pathology
Viral occurs in an otherwise healthy eye

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10
Q

Describe the presentation of herpetic keratitis

A

Very painful

Can be recurrent - leads to reduced corneal sensation and visual problems

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11
Q

Do you treat herpetic keratitis with steroids

A

NO

can lead to corneal melt and perforation of the cornea

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12
Q

Describe the presentation of adenoviral keratitis

A 
Red, watery eye 
Bilateral 
Contagious
Often occurs after respiratory infection 
Can slightly affect vision 
Usually self-limiting
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13
Q

How do you treat adenoviral keratitis

A

Topical antibiotics

May require steroids to speed up recovery

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14
Q

Which fungi can cause keratitis

A

Acanthamoeba

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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15
Q

Who gets fungal keratitis

A

Contact lens wearers if they clean lenses with tap water

Farmers or gardeners - exposed to the fungi

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16
Q

Fungal keratitis is easy and quick to treat - true or false

A

False
Takes a long time to heal
Hard to treat
May need corneal transplant

17
Q

Which organisms are common causes of orbital cellulitis

A 
Staphylococci
Streptococci
Coliforms
Haemophilus influenzae
Anaerobes
18
Q

Describe the presentation of orbital cellulitis

A 
Very painful - especially when moving the eye 
Red, swollen orbit 
Proptosis 
May also have paranasal sinusitis 
Fever
19
Q

How do you manage orbital cellulitis

A 
CT scan to look for abscess 
ENT surgeons will drain pus from orbit
Broad spectrum antibiotics 
Monitoring 
Cared for by ENT and ophthalmology
20
Q

What is endophthalmitis

A

Rare but devastating infection inside of the eye
Can be post-surgery or endogenous
Usually staph epidermidis

21
Q

Describe the presentation of endophthalmitis

A

Extremely painful
Decreasing vision - sight threatening
VERY red eye

22
Q

How do you treat endophthalmitis

A

Intravitreal amikacin/ ceftazidime/ vancomycin (inject into eye)
+ Topical antibiotics

23
Q

What can cause chorioretinitis

A

CMV in AIDS
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxocara canis (worm)

24
Q

What is toxoplasmosis

A

Protozoan infection
Comes from cats and raw meat
Causes mild flu like illness and potentially chorioretinitis

25
Q

Where does toxocara come from

A

Its a parasitic worm that affects cats and dogs

Unable to replicate in humans so remains as larvae

26
Q

How does toxocara affect the eye

A

Form granulomas which can cause irreversible visual loss

27
Q

List diagnostic tests for eye infection

A

Swabs for culture - bacteria, viral, chlamydia
Corneal scrapes - keratitis
Aqueous/vitreous samples
Serology - toxoplasma/cara

28
Q

Describe the use of chloramphenicol

A 
Most common topical antibiotic 
Comes as ointment or drops 
Stops bacterial protein production 
Bactericidal for strep and haem 
Bacteriostatic for staph
29
Q

What are the side effects of chloramphenicol

A

Allergy

Irreversible aplastic anaemia - rare

30
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
(both inhibit the enzyme that makes cell wall)

31
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

A

Quinolones

32
Q

Which antivirals are used to treat eye conditions

A

Aciclovir
Used for dendritic ulcers in the cornea - occurs with herpetic keratitis
Topical and systemic forms

33
Q

How do you treat chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

Topical oxytetracycline
Adults may need oral azithromycin for genital infection
Contact tracing

Opthalmology (9 decks)

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