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Principles (Y1) > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

name infectious agents

A 
parasites 
fungi
bacteria
viruses
prion proteins
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2
Q

single cell parasites

A

protozoa

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3
Q

flagella

A

tall bacterial structures

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4
Q

pili

A

adhesion coccus bacteria

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5
Q

Bacillus

A

rod shaped bacteria

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6
Q

spirochaetes

A

spiral shaped bacteria

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7
Q

what are prion proteins

A

infectious proteins that have no DNA or RNA and cannot be removed by sterilisation or disinfectant

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8
Q

gram +ve stains

A

purple

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9
Q

gram -ve stains

A

pink

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10
Q

pathogen

A

harmful organism

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11
Q

commensal

A

organism that is part of a normal flora

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12
Q

opporunistic pathogen

A

probably only cuase infection in immunocomprimised patients

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13
Q

contaminant

A

organism that has got into a culture by accident

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14
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability of a microorganism to produce a disease

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15
Q

virulence

A

degree of pathogenicity of an organism

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16
Q

how does bacterial replicate

A

via binary fission

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17
Q

what does bacteria need to grow

A

correct temp
correct pH
food
moisture

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18
Q

4 phases of bacterial growth

A

lag phase
log phase
stationary phase
death phase

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19
Q

What are exotoxins

A

usually gram positive bacteria- produced inside a cell and exported from it

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20
Q

what are endotoxins

A

usually gram negative bacteria-part of gram neg bacterial cell wall

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21
Q

what are the functions of toxins

A
  1. cause release of cytokines from immune cells
  2. cause damage to red and white blood cells and make blood vessels leaky- reduced clotting ability, BP resulting in sepsis
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22
Q

what is sepsis

A

causes leaky blood vessels (poor tissue perfusion) and activated clotting systems (increasing risk of haemorrhage) gram -ve sepsis worse than gram +ve

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23
Q

moulds

A

produce spores (spreads in air) and hyphae (invades organ tissues)- does not gram stain

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24
Q

Aspergilus

A

usually targets immunocompromised patients

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25
Q

yeast

A

single cells that reproduce by budding

gram stain= large gram +ve oval

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26
Q

Gram +ve

A

purple stain= thick layer of peptoglycan and then just deep to that have a cytoplasmic membrane made of phospholipids

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27
Q

Gram -ve

A

pink stain= outer cytoplasmic mambrane, a middle thin layer of peptidoglycan and an inner cytoplasmic membrane

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28
Q

diagnostic methods for bacteria

A
  • microscophy (gram film)
  • culture
  • antigen detenction (urine)
  • serology (antibody detection in blood)
  • PCR
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29
Q

Streptococcus

A

Gram positive cocci
aerobic
cocci chains

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30
Q

Alpha haemolysis (partial)

A

strep pnuemoniae and strep virdans

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31
Q

Beta haemolysis (complete)

A

group strep A (throat and skin infection )

group strep B (neonatal meningitis)

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32
Q

most pathogenic strep

A

strep pyrongenes (sore throat, skin and soft tissue infections and puerperal sepsis) severe life threatening in pregnant ladies

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33
Q

gamma haemolysis

A

none

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34
Q

Enterococcus

A 
Gram positive cocci
aerobic
non-haemolytic 
normal gut commensal and cause of UTIs
VRE- antibiotic resistant strains of E.faecium is v bad in hospitals
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35
Q

Staphylococcus

A

Gram positive cocci

cocci clusters

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36
Q

Staph aureus

A 
coagulase positive (golden)
wound and skin infections 
Tx: flucoxacillin 
common cause of bacteraemia (bacterial in blood) 
IV drug users
toxic shock syndrome
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37
Q

Staph epidermis

A

Coagulase negative (white)
IV line infection
produces a surface slime to allow them to stick to plastic and other artificial things in the body
prosthetic heart valve or joint

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38
Q

Panton-valentine leucocidin

A

toxin of staph aureus that can damage white blood cells

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39
Q

MSSA

A

METHICILLIN SENSITIVE STAPH AUREUS

40
Q

Fever cascade

A

antigen attacks macrophage
releases cytokines
travel to anterior hypothalamus of brain
stimulates production of prostiglandin E
resets bodys thermostat
body percieves its cold so shivers to conserve heat
Fever- growth of pathogens slow if temp increases

41
Q

Fever cascade

A

antigen attacks macrophage
releases cytokines
travel to anterior hypothalamus of brain
stimulates production of prostiglandin E
resets bodys thermostat
body percieves its cold so shivers to conserve heat
Fever- growth of pathogens slow if temp increases

42
Q

Gram negative cocci

A
  • diplococci
  • aerobic
  • gonorrhoea
  • bacterial meningitis
43
Q

Coliforms

A
  • gram neg bacilli

- aerobic but can be anerobic

44
Q

how can you differentiate coliforms?

A
  1. biochem reactions

2. antigenic structures (either o antigen on cell wall or H antigen on flagella)

45
Q

gut commensals

A

e.coli, klebsiella, proteus, enterobacter spp

46
Q

gut pathogens

A

salmonella, shigella, e.cole 0157

47
Q

Strict anerobes

A

gram neg bacilli
pseudomonoas aeruginosa
legionella pneumophilia

48
Q

curved gram neg bacilli

A

campylobacter

h.pylori

49
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

small gram neg bacillis, common cause of chest infection esp COPD exacerbation

50
Q

Gram positive anaerobic bacilli

A

Clostridium spp- antibiotic assoc diarrhoea
part of normal bowel flora
produces spores
produces exotoxin- that causes severe tissue damage

51
Q

clostridium perfringens

A

a severe soft tissue tissue infection following contamination of a wound

52
Q

clostridium tetani

A

tetnus- a fatal paralytic illness

53
Q

Gram neg anaerobic bacilli

A

bacteroides spp
normal gut commensals, only pathogenic when found in other sides
Tx: metronidazole

54
Q

Mycobacteria

A

thick waxy outer coat
Ix: acid fast bacilli or ziehl neelson stain
TB

55
Q

Stages of gene transfer

A
  1. transformation
  2. conjugation
  3. transduction
56
Q

what is transformation

A

DNA from dead bacteria is taken up by the living bacteria and incorporated in plasmids or the bacterial chromosome

57
Q

what is conjugation

A

sex pilus produced by one bacterial through which plasmid DNA can be transferred

58
Q

what is transduction

A

viruses infecting bacteria can transfer bits of DNA from one bacterium to another

59
Q

5 I’s of infection

A 
Inhalation
Ingestion
Inoculation 
Mother to Infant
Intercourse
60
Q

Chain of infection

A

infectious microbe–>reservoir–> portal of exit–>modes of transmission–>portal of entry–> suceptable host (circle and key is to break chain)

61
Q

when should you wash hands

A 
before patient contact
before aeseptic task
after fluid exposure
after patient contat
after contact with patient surroundings
62
Q

antibiotics

A

drugs that are used to treat or prevent infection caused by microorganisms

63
Q

Bactericial

A

kill bacteria

64
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

inihibit bacterial growth

65
Q

narrow spec Abx

A

penicillin

66
Q

Broad spec Abx

A

tetracycline

67
Q

antibiotic resistance

A
  1. production of enzymes that destory ABX
  2. altered Abx binding sites
  3. alteration of cell wall porins
  4. up-regulating of efflux pumps
68
Q

Antibiotics that work on cell wall;

A

penicillin
cephalosporins (ceftriaxone)
glycopeptides (vancomycin)

69
Q

Gram positive

A

thick layer of peptidoglycan and a single phospholipid bilayer

70
Q

Gram negative

A

thin layer of peptidoglycan and a double phospholipid bilayer

71
Q

Penicillin

A 
inhibit cell wall synthesis by preventing cross linking of peptidoglycan subunits
beta-lactam Abx
Excreted rapidly via kidneys 
type 1 hypersensitivity
eg flucoxacillin, amoxicillin
72
Q

Amoxicillin

A

gram +ve and -ve

co-amoxiclav= amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (inhibits the action of beta lactamase enzyme)

73
Q

Cephalosporins

A 
inhibit cell wall synthesis
bactericidal 
beta-lactam abx
may induce C.diff
excreted by kidneys
74
Q

Glycopeptides

A

gram positive effect
cell wall antibiotics
binds to end of growing chain and prevents cross linking and weakens bacterial cell wall
bacericidal
only effective agains gram +ve cell walls
EG VANCOMYCIN

75
Q

Glycopeptides

A

gram positive effect
cell wall antibiotics
binds to end of growing chain and prevents cross linking and weakens bacterial cell wall
bacericidal
only effective agains gram +ve cell walls
EG VANCOMYCIN

76
Q

Abx that inhibit protein synthesis

A

macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin) BACTERIOSTATIC
tetracyclines (doxacycline and minocycline) BACTERIOSTATIC
aminoglycosides (gentamicin) BACTERICIDAL

77
Q

Macrolides

A

Lipophilic and pass through cell membranes easily (useful for infections where the bacteria ‘hides’ from the hosts immune system)
- excreted via biliary tract

78
Q

Tetracycline

A

Doxycycline (IV, sometimes IM)

 - Broad spectrum, can destruct intestinal flora (so increased secondary infections)
 - can permanently stain teeth of children <12 years
79
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

EG. Gentamicin
-Inhibit protein synthesis but are bactericidal
-Mainly active against gram negative aerobic organisms
E.g. coliforms and pseudomonas aeruginosa
-Toxicity - kidney damage and damage of CN VIII - vestibulocochlear (deafness and dizziness)
-Excreted in the urine

80
Q

Abx that act on bacterial DNA

A
  • Metronidazole
  • Trimethoprim
  • Fluoroquinolones
81
Q

Metronidazole

A
  • Causes strand breakage of bacterial DNA
  • Treat true anaerobic infections
  • Interacts with alcohol
82
Q

Trimethoprim

A
  • Inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis
  • Some activity against some gram negative and some gram positive
  • Exceted in urine
83
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A
  • Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin
  • Prevent supercoiling of bacterial DNA
  • Bactericidal
  • Restricted use in order to prevent Clostridium difficile
  • Weakens tendons, causes seizures
  • Excreted in urine
84
Q

Side effects of ABX

A

Gentamicin (renal and VIII nerve damage)
Ciprofloxacin (tendonitis)
Metronidazole (interacts with alcohol)
Broad spectrum Abs increase risk of C.Diff (avoid 4 Cs)

85
Q

Abx to avoid in pregnancy

A

Trimethoprim + Metronidazole in first 3 months

Gentamicin, tetracycline and Fluoroquinolones avoided all together

86
Q

Abx to avoid in pregnancy

A

Trimethoprim + Metronidazole in first 3 months

Gentamicin, tetracycline and Fluoroquinolones avoided all together

87
Q

Lantency

A

virus that can become inactive then reactivate later

EG. Varicella-zoster virus remains latent in the dorsal root ganglia before becoming reactivated (shingles)

88
Q

viral replication

A

1) Attachment
Interact with specific receptors in target cell, ligand > receptor
2)Entry
Endocytosis (non-enveloped viruses)
3)Uncoating
Viral nucleic acid released from capsid
4) Nucleic acid and protein synthesis
Host ribosomes used, host polymerases may be used also
5)Assembly
Nucleic acid and proteins packaged together
6)Release
-Budding(Virus released with envelope derived from host cell membrane) Doesn’t kill cell
-Lysis (Viruses accumulate until cell bursts)Kills cell

89
Q

signs of recent infection

A
  • detection of virus specific IgM antibodies

- detection of rising titre volume of virus sepcific IgG antibodies

90
Q

immunity and virus infection

A
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes - recognise proteins on cell surface as being foreign and will signal infected cell to commit suicide in order to prevent formation of new viruses
  • Neutralising antibodies - IgG, IgM - prevent virus binding to cellular receptors
  • Hep B and C have a role to play in primary hepatocellular carcinoma
91
Q

Virus detection

A

PCR and antigen detection

92
Q

Serology

A

antigen etection in blood

93
Q

PCR

A

detects DNA or RNA and replicates it millions of times

94
Q

Anthrax

A

disease of cows and sheep

95
Q

enterotoxins

A

toxins that act in the gut- food poisoning

96
Q

4 C’s

A

cephalosporins
co-amoxiclav
ciprofloxacin
clindamycin

Principles (Y1) (9 decks)

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