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Principles (Y1) > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

TRUE NUCLEUS

  • Outer membrane
  • Inner cytosol - solution of proteins, electrolytes and carbohydrates
  • Cytoskeleton - determines shape and fluidity of the cells (Made from thin, intermediate filaments and microtubules)
  • Membrane bound organelles within the cytosol
  • Strictures in the cytoplasm which may or may not be bound by a membrane ie inclusions (CAN ONLY BE PRESENT AS TRANSIENTS) components that have been synthesise by the cell itself
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2
Q

Plasmalemma

A

Separates cytoplasm from outside environment

  • Contains integral proteins
  • Can exocytose and endocytose material
  • Fluid mosaic
  • Selectively permeable (water, oxygen, small hydrophobic molecules)
  • Impermeable to charged ions
  • Contains embedded cholesterol
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3
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A
  • Hydrophilic heads at outer and inner surfaces (choline is found here, phosphate is found just below the choline)
  • Hydrophobic tails at centre
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4
Q

proteins in the plasmalemma

A 
oReceptors
oChannels
oTransporteds
oEnzymes
oCell attachement proteins
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5
Q

Organelles

A

Small intracellular oragns with a specific function and structural organisation

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6
Q

mitochondria

A

energy production site

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7
Q

Rough ER

A

site of protein sythesis

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8
Q

Smooth ER

A

cholesterol and lipid synthesis and detoxification

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9
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modification and packaging of macromolecules

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10
Q

lysosomes

A

hydrolytic enzymes of intracellular digestion

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11
Q

nucleus

A

contains genetic code

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12
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments= 7cm composed of actin
intermediate filaments=>10nm composed of proteins
microtubules= 25nm composed of tubulin

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13
Q

Tubulin

A

can be alpha or beta, originaed from organising centre called centrosom. polar structures. Dynein (ATPase that moves towards the cell centre) and kinesin(ATP ase and moves towards the peripheries) attach to them and move along them
Contain stabilising proteins- microtubule associated proteins (MAPS)

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14
Q

nucleus

A

inner and outer membrane with pores. outer membrane is studded with ribosomes and continuous with the cytoplasmic rough ER
contains chromosomes
site of RNA synhesis (tRNA in the nucleus and rRNA in the nuclelus)

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15
Q

EUCHROMATIN

A

DNA that is actively undergoing transcription

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16
Q

HETEROCHROMATIN

A

DNA that is condensed and not under going transcription

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

Formed in nucleolus, small subunits whic bind to RNA nand large subunits which catalyse formation of peptide bonds

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18
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

forms a netwrok of interconnecting membrane bound compartents in the cell

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19
Q

rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes, proteins sythesis destined for insertion into membranes or secretion. Free ribosomes attaches to mRNA–>If ER signal sequence is present, growing peptide is inserted into a pore in the ER –> Growing peptide forms in the ER, signal sequence removed–> Ribosome detaches, most proteins then enter the SER

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20
Q

Smooth ER

A

Continues processeing proteins from RER, site of lipid synthesis

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21
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

composed of a group of flattened, membrane bound cisternae, vesicles arrive at golgi from SER and golgi modifies and packages macromolecules (adds sugars,Cleave some proteins, Sorts macromolecules into vesicles)

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22
Q

Mitochondria

A

composed of inner and outer membrane, inner folded to form cristae (increasing the surface area)
Generates ATP via axidative phosphoylation and the synthesis of lipids and proteins

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23
Q

Occluding junctions

A

Link cells to form diffusion barrier
Prevent diffusion
Also known as tight junctions

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24
Q

Anchoring/Adherant junctions

A

provide mechanical strength
link submembrane actin bundles of adjacent cells
Cadherin molecules bind to each other in extracellular space and to actin of cytoskeleton

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25
Q

Desmosomes

A

link submembrane intermediate filaments of adjacent cells (commonly found in the skin)

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26
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

link submembrane intermediate filaments of cells to extacellular matrix through transmembrane proteins

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27
Q

communicating junctions

A

allow movement of molecules between cells
often termed gap junctions
each junction is circular patch studded with pores. found in epithelium, but also in smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

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28
Q

Endocytosis

A

Membrane invaginates, fuses and newly made endocytotic vesicle buds into cell
Often receptor mediated

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29
Q

Exocytosis

A

Works in reverse of endocytosis

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30
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • Bacteria binds to cell surface, cell engulfs it to form phagosome, binds with lysosome containing digestive enzymes
  • When a phagosome binds with a lysosome carrying a digestive enzyme=phagolysosome
  • matierial is digested
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31
Q

Formalim

A

tissue is often fixed to preserve it in as like life state as possible using this chemical that cross links proteins

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32
Q

Stains

A

H&E - haematoxylin - purple, basic dye

eosin - pink, acidic dye

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33
Q

tissue types

A
  • Epithelium
  • Connective tissue- froms the framework of the body, but beyond that has a dynamic role in the development, growth and homeostasis of tissues, and via fat in energy store
  • Muscle- specialised to generate force by contracting
  • Nervous tissue- consists of neurons and their supporting cells, serves a control function and allows for rapid communication between different parts of the body
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34
Q

Epithelium

A
  • covers surfaces of body,lines hollow organs and forms glands
  • all have a basal lamina

Non-vascular- nutrients from cappilaries in underlying tissues must diffused across the basal lamina
-Usually polarised - apical and basal sides differ

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35
Q

Functions of the epithelium

A
  • mechanical barrier
  • chemical barrier
  • absorption
  • secretoin
  • containment
  • locomotion
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36
Q

Epithelium cell shaped

A

Squamous - flattened
Cuboidal - cube
Columnar - tall and thin

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37
Q

Epithelium number of layers

A

Simple - one layer
Stratified - two or more layers
Pseudostratified - tissue appears to have multiple layers

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38
Q

goblet cells

A

single cell mucous glands

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39
Q

Glandular epithelia

A

produce secretory products such as sweat, milk, oil, hormones, mucous, enzymes and other

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40
Q

Endocrine

A

product secreted towards basal end of cell, distributed by vascular system and ductless glands

41
Q

Exocrine

A

product secreted towards apical end of the cell- ducted glands

42
Q

Connective tissue

A

Forms framework of body, dynamic role in development, growth and homeostasis of tissues, and energy storage (fat)

43
Q

soft connective tissue

A

eg Tendons, ligaments, mesentery, stroma of organs, dermis of skin
Loose- loosly packed fibres separated by abundant ground substance. Plentiful
Dense- densely packed bundles of collagen fibres,Dense regular if fibres aligned, Dense irregular if fibres run in many directions

44
Q

Hard connective tissue

A

eg bone and cartilage

Strong, flexible, compressible, semi-rigid tissue

45
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline - articular surface, tracheal rings, costal cartilage, epiphyseal growth plates-Is a precursor of bone
Elastic- is found in the external ear, epiglottis and larynx
Fibrocartilage- is found in invertebral discs, joint capsules, ligaments

46
Q

Bones

A

Outer shell of cortical bone makes up shaft - diaphysis
Cancellous/trabecular bone occupies ends - epiphyses
Cancellous bone: fine meshwork of bone that looks a bit like the insie of a aero bar

47
Q

Blood and lymph connective tissue

A

..

48
Q

connective tissue consists of…

A

Extracellular matrix
-Fibres - collagen, reticular and elastic fibres
-Ground substance- amorphous, space occupying material made of huge unbranched polysaccharide molecules called glycosaminoglycans (glycoproteins)
-Tissue fluid
Cells
-Fibroblasts- widely distributed cells that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix
-Adipose cells- fat cells, in connective tissues
-Osteocytes- bone cells
-Chondrocytes- cells of cartilage

49
Q

Muscle

A

specialised to generate force by contraction, force is movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres

50
Q

Smooth muscle

A

involuntary and non striated

51
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary and striated, multinucleated (Nuclei are elongated at located at the periphery, just internal to cell membrane (sarcolemma))

52
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary and striated (have intercalated discs, containing multiple intercellular junctions to maintain mechanical integrity)

53
Q

Nervous tissue

A

consists of neurons and thier supporting gells, control function and allows for rapid communication betwen diffferent parts of the body- surrounded by connective tissue coat

54
Q

o Meninges in CNS

o Epineurium in PNS

A

..

55
Q

what are glia

A

which make sure the neurons are working and provide nourishment and repair to the cell

56
Q

Types of glia:

A

Astrocytes-Support and ion transport
Oligodendrocytes-Produce myelin
Microglia-Provide immune surveillance
Schwann cells (PNS)-Produce myelin and support axons

57
Q

Salivary glands:

A

Parotid (serous secreting cells)
Submandibular(mucous secreting)
sublingual
Striated ducts (usual feature)- modifies the saliva that is passing through by pumping salt out of the fluid so that it is hypotonic to blood

58
Q

Layers of the oesophagus

A

Mucosa

  • Epithelium - sits on basal lamina
  • Lamina Propria - loose connective tissue
  • Muscularis Mucosae - thin layer smooth muscle

Submucosa - loose connective tissue

Muscularis externa - 2 thick layers mooth muscle, inner circular and outer longitudinal layer

Serosa or adventitia - outer layer of connective tissue that either suspends digestive tract or attaches to other organs

59
Q

protective mucosa

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

eg oral cavvity, pharynx, oeophagus, anal canal

60
Q

Absorptive mucosa

A

simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands eg small intestine

61
Q

Secretory mucosa

A

Simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands

eg stomach

62
Q

Protective and Absorptive mucosa

A

Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands

eg large intestine

63
Q

In the large intestine, the outer longitudinal smooth muscle is not continuous - found in 3 muscular strips called teniae coli

A

…

64
Q

enteric nervous system

A

the neurons live in groups called ganglia between two muscle layers that make up the musclaris externia

65
Q

what is the enteric nervous system

A

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a autonomous part of the nervous system and includes a number of neural circuits that control motor functions, local blood flow, mucosal transport and secretions, and modulates immune and endocrine functions.

66
Q

The goblet cells of the epithelium and the submucosal glands produce a viscous fluid that coats the surface of the airway and traps particles that are then propelled out of the airway by cilia.

A

..

67
Q

bronchus vs brochioles

A

bronchus- large airways with hyaline cartilage in the wall

bronchioles- small airways, no cartilage and mainly smooth muscle

68
Q

Alveoli

A

lined with simple squamous epithelium

69
Q

Liver

A

Lobules- hexagonal arrangement make up the liver

70
Q

liver cells

A

hepatocytes

71
Q

kupffer cells

A

monocytes that remain resisdent in the liver

72
Q

spaces for blood flow in the liver are called

A

sinusoid

73
Q

In each corner there is a branch of the hepatic portal vein and a branch of the hepatic artery, each delivering blood to the lobule- in the centre there is a vein that drains to the hepatic vein

A

..

74
Q

Exocrine pancreas

A

pancreatic digestive enzymes containing proteases, lipases and nucleases

75
Q

endocrine pancreas

A

islets of Langerhans - produce insulin

76
Q

proteases

A

break down protein

77
Q

lipases

A

break down lipid

78
Q

nucleases

A

break down DNA/RNA

79
Q

blood composition

A

55% plasma, 45% cells

80
Q

Red blood cells

A

no nucleus, 7 nano metres

Lifespan of about 4 months, liver and spleen remove ages RBC

Also called erythrocytes

81
Q

WBC

A

ie luekocytes=neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils-rare) granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes

82
Q

neutrophils

A

most common, has many granules in their cytomplasm, stains poorly with acidic or basic dyes and has a prominent, mutlilobed nucleus. Circulate blood in an inactive state, when activated they turn into phagocytes, activated by bacteria, inflammation and entering tissues.

83
Q

Eosinophils

A

contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes, important in allergic reactions and fighting parastitic infection- have affinity for red acidic dye eosin

84
Q

Basophils

A

high affinity for basic dyes such as methylene blue, granules contain histamine, herpain, and other inflammatory mediators, effector cell in allergic reactions, they have high affinity IgE receptors

85
Q

lymphocytes

A

round nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm that doesn’t not have visable granules (T AND B CELLS) arise in bone marrow. T Cells differentiate in the thymus. B cells give rise to antibody secreting plasma cells

86
Q

Artery wall

A

Tunica intima - extends to internal elastic membrane (Endothelial cells)
Tunica media-Smooth muscle
Tunica adventitia-Supporting connective tissue
Tunica media and the tunica adventitia are separated by the external elastic membrane

87
Q

Arteriole

A

1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media and almost no adventitia

88
Q

Capillaries

A

]Endothelial cells and a basal lamina

Have pericytes - connective tissue cells with contractile properties

89
Q

3 types of capillaries

A

3 types
Continuous - muscle, nerve, lung, skin
Fenestrated - have pores - gut mucosa, endocrine glands, kidney
Sinusoidal - have large gaps - liver, spleen, bone marrow

90
Q

Venules

A

endothelium and pericytes

91
Q

veins

A

tunica intima, thin continuous tunica intima and a few layers of smooth muscle cells

92
Q

Lymph

A

Smooth muscle in walls, hydrostatic pressure in the tissue and compression of the vessels by voluntary muscle, combined with the valves in the vessels produce flow

93
Q

Aorta is an elastic artery because

A

they have many sheets of elastic fibres in their tunica media to provide elastic recoil

94
Q

Verhoeffs/ masons trichrome stain

A

stains elastic black, collagen green and smooth muscle red

95
Q

Modified van giesons stain

A

stains collagen red, cytoplasm yellow and elastin black

96
Q

Blood separated= spinning in a centrifuge (red cells, white cells and plasma) bottom to top, once clotting factors are removed from the blood serum is left.

A

..

97
Q

Platelet hemostasis:

A
  1. Adhere
  2. Aggregate
  3. Degranulate
98
Q

In second trimester the liver is main site for blood formation but by birth the bone marrow is the main site for blood formation. RBC are made from stem cells.

A

..

Principles (Y1) (9 decks)

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