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Phase 2a LM > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Are gram positive bacteria pink or purple

A

Purple

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2
Q

Are gram negative bacteria pink or purple

A

Pink

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3
Q

What type of bacteria are gram positive chains

A

Streptococcus

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4
Q

What test do you do to differentiate between different types of streptococcus (gram +ve chains)

A

Haemolysis on blood agar

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5
Q

What does alpha haemolysis look like on blood agar

A

Narrow greening around the colonies

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6
Q

What does beta haemolysis look like on blood agar

A

Clear zone around the colonies

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7
Q

If alpha haemolysis is present, what two types of strep could it be

A

Strep viridans or strep pneumonia

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8
Q

How do you differentiate between strep viridans and strep pneumoniae

A

Optochin test

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9
Q

Is strep pneumoniae resistant (insensitive) or sensitive (doesn’t grow) to optochin

A

Sensitive

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10
Q

Is strep viridans resistant (insensitive) or sensitive (doesn’t grow) to optochin

A

Resistant

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11
Q

What tests are required after beta haemolysis to differentiate between different types of strep

A

Antibody groups

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12
Q

What type of bacteria are gram positive clusters

A

Staphylococcus

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13
Q

What test is used to differentiate between different types of staphylococcus

A

Coagulase test

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14
Q

If there is a positive coagulase test, what type of staph is present

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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15
Q

If the coagulase test is negative, what type of staph is present

A

Coagulase negative staphylococcus

E.g. Staph epidermidis

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16
Q

The appearance on a MacConkey plate is used to identify what type of bacteria

A

Gram negative bacilli

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17
Q

What does the MacConkey plate test for

A

Whether there is lactose fermentation or not

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18
Q

What colour does the lactose fermenters appear

A

Pink

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19
Q

What colour does the non lactose fermenters appear

A

White

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20
Q

What test is then used to differentiate the non lactose fermenters

A

Oxidase test

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21
Q

What type of bacteria are the lactose fermenters

A

Enterobacteriaceae

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22
Q

Give an example of a type of bacteria that is a non lactose fermenter but has a positive oxidase test

A

Pseudomonas

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23
Q

Give an example of a type of bacteria that is a non lactose fermenter and has a negative oxidase test

A

Shigella

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24
Q

Why can’t viruses be grown easily

A

They can only reproduce inside living cells

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25
What two methods are available for virus diagnosis
1. Genetic material | 2. Changes in the host that can only have been made by a virus
26
How are different viruses tested for in a lab
Using PCR
27
Which immunoglobulins do you look for in an acute infection
Increased amounts of IgM and fewer IgG
28
Which immunoglobulins do you expect to see with long term memory to an antigen
Increased IgG (memory Ab) than IgM
29
What virus causes glandular fever
EBV
30
What group of virus infections is EBV from
Herpes group
31
Name 3 other types of herpes virus'
``` HSV 1 HSV 2 VZV - Varicella Zoster Virus EBV CMV ```
32
Haemophilus influenza only grows on which type of plate and why
Chocolate agar, because it requires the nutrients released by the breakdown of Hb when blood agar plates are cooked = chocolate agar
33
What pathogen that causes pneumonia is found in warm waters/air conditioning units and is 'atypical'
Legionella pneumophilia
34
What sample and investigation is required to determine legionella as the cause of pneumonia
Urine, ELISA test (antigen detection kit)
35
What stain is required to identify acid and alcohol fast bacilli
Ziehl-neelson
36
What samples are required to identify TB
Sputum - at least 3 samples as intermittent sputum positivity Induced sputum Bronchi-alveolar lavage Tissue biopsy
37
What does Candida albicans look like on the sabouraud agar
Smooth, raised, cream coloured colonies
38
What type of microorganism is Candida albicans
Yeast (fungus)
39
Where is Candida albicans normally found
In mouth normally
40
What antibiotic therapy is required to treat methicillin resistant staph aureas (MRSA)
Vancomycin
41
What are two common staphylococcus found on the skin, and which is more common
Staph aureas | Staph epidermidis - more common
42
Name some pathogens that can cause infective endocarditis
``` Strep viridans Staph aureas MRSA Staph epidermidis Candida albicans Enterococci ```
43
What antibiotic works best on gram negative bacteria
Gentomyocin
44
What type of antibiotic works best on gram positive bacteria
Penicillins e.g. Amoxicillin
45
Why would you also give a low dose gentomyocin to a gram positive bacteria infection after a penicillin
The gentomyocin is more effect on the gram positive bacteria after a penicillin has been given, and gentomyocin is very toxic to the bacteria (and humans) so only a low dose is required
46
What is the most common site for a soft tissue skin infection
Lower leg
47
What are the most common causes of erysipelas and cellulitis
Group A beta haemolytic strep
48
Where is the infection in erysipelas
Intradermal infection
49
Where is the infection in cellulitis
Sub cutaneous infection
50
What is the most common 'skin organism' that causes an abscess in the skin soft tissue
Staph aureas
51
What are the 'pneumonia organisms' that cause lung abscesses
Staph aureas Klebsiella pneumoniae Mycobacterium tuberculosis
52
What type of organisms do black and green swabs test for
``` Black = bacteria Green = viral ```
53
What test in the lab differentiates between staph and strep
Catalase
54
If the catalase test is positive what is seen and what type is it
Bubbles of oxygen seen | Staph
55
What is the first line antimicrobial for staph aureas causing impetigo
Flucloxacillin
56
Name a group A strep (beta haemolytic)
Strep pyogenes
57
What is the first line antimicrobial for group A strep
Penicillin/benzyl penicillin
58
If you suspect a cannula site infection, what 3 samples should you send
Blood cultures Cannula tip in universal container Black swab
59
How long does the treatment for MRSA go on for
2 weeks
60
What are the most common pathogens to cause a UTI
``` E. coli Proteus mirabilis Klebisiella spp. Staph saprophyticus Staph epidermidis Enterococci ```
61
What is the number 1 pathogen causing UTIs
E. coli
62
What is the standard treatment for E. coli causing UTIs
``` Beta lactam antibiotics = amoxicillin = co-amoxiclav = cephalexin = trimethoprim ```
63
If a urine sample is contaminated what do you see
Epithelial cells and no pus
64
What antibiotic can you NOT give in pregnancy
Trimethoprim
65
What does a CLED plate test for
Urinary tract pathogens | Whether they're lactose fermenting or not
66
If the CLED plate is yellow what does it mean
They're lactose fermenting pathogens
67
What colour do the non-lactose fermenting pathogens appear on CLED plate
Blue
68
Give a few examples of lactose fermenting organisms
E. coli | Staph saprophiticus
69
Give a few examples of non-lactose fermenting organisms
Pseudomonas Shigella Salmonella
70
What part of the stream of urine does a urine sample need to be taken from
Middle
71
Why is it important to collect urine from asymptomatic pregnancy women
Asymptomatic bacteriaemia is present in 4-7% of pregnant women, if left untreated there's a high risk of ascending infection with pyelonephritis and then miscarriage. Screens for pre-eclampsia too.

Phase 2a LM (7 decks)

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