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AB 2nd Year Ophthalmology > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is more common, bacterial or viral conjunctivitis?

A

viral

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2
Q

symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis?

A 
red and inflamed conjunctiva
chemosis
itching/burning
lacrimation
mucopurulent discharge
papillae formation
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3
Q

common bacteria that cause conjunctivitis?

A

staph aureus

strep pneumoniae

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4
Q

common bacteria that cause conjunctivitis in neonates?

A

chlamydia trachomatis

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5
Q

common bacteria that cause conjunctivitis in children?

A

haemophilus influenzae

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6
Q

common bacteria that causes conjunctivitis in contact lens wearers?

A

pseudomonas

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7
Q

treatment for pseudomonas conjunctivitis?

A

gentamicin

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8
Q

treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

chloramphenicol drops

if no improvement, fucithalmic

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9
Q

when to avoid chloramphenicol?

A

history of aplastic anaemia

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10
Q

symptoms of chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

chronic
unresponsive
bilateral
symptoms of repro organs

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11
Q

treatment of chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

topical oxytetracycline

if genital infection also, oral azithromycin

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12
Q

symptoms of viral conjunctivitis?

A

following URT
pre auricular glands swollen
water dishcharge
follicles

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13
Q

signs of acute allergic conjunctivitis?

A

stringy discharge

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14
Q

viral causes of conjunctivitis?

A

adenovirus
HSV
herpes zoster

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15
Q

what is hutchison’s sign?

A

vesicles on the tip/side of nose

predictor of occular inflam

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16
Q

what is endophthalmitis?

A

inflammation of the internal eye

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17
Q

most common cause of endophthalmitis?

A

post surgical

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18
Q

clinical signs of endophthalmitis?

A

painful red eye

decreased sight RAPIDLY

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19
Q

cause of endophthalmitis?

A

staph epidermis

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20
Q

investigation for endophthalmitis?

A

aqueous/vitreous culture

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21
Q

treatment for endophthalmitis?

A

intravitreal amikacin and vancomycin

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22
Q

what is blepharitis?

A

inflammation of the eyelids

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23
Q

symptoms of blepharitis?

A

gritty eyes
foreign body sensation
mild discharge

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24
Q

signs of seborrhoeic blepharitis? (anterior)

A

lid margin red
scales/dandruff
no ulceration
lashes unaffected

25
Q

signs of staph blepharitis? (anterior)

A 
involves lash follicle
lid margin red
styes
ulcers 
corneal staining
lashes distorted - loss and ingrowing
26
Q

what is posterior blepharitis?

A

meibomian gland disease

27
Q

symptoms of posterior blepharitis?

A

lid margin, skin and lashes unaffected
meibomian gland openings pouting and swollen
meibom cysts (chalazia)

28
Q

associations with posterior blepharitis?

A

acne rosacea

29
Q

treatment for blepharitis?

A

hygiene (bathing)
tear drops
oral doxycycline

30
Q

what is keratitis?

A

inflam of the cornea

31
Q

clinical features of keratitis?

A

hypopyn

corneal ulcer

32
Q

causes of keratitis?

A

bacterial
viral - HSV, adenovirus
fungal

33
Q

treatment for bacterial keratitis?

A

chloramphenicol (gram +ve)

ofloxacin (gram -ve)

34
Q

what keratitis do contact lens wearers get?

A

acanthamoeba

35
Q

history for fungal keratitis?

A

trauma around vegetation

36
Q

features of herpetic keratitis

A

dendritic ulcers
painful
recurrent

37
Q

treatment of herpetic keratitis?

A

acyclovir

38
Q

what to avoid in herpetic keratitis and why?

A

steroids

causes corneal melt and perforation

39
Q

features of adenovirus keratitis

A

subepithelial infiltrates
blurred vission
bilateral
after URTI

40
Q

what is orbital cellulitis?

A

infection of soft tissues posterior to the orbital septum

41
Q

causes of orbital cellulitis?

A

spread
focal infection
post op
abscess

42
Q

features of orbital cellulitis?

A 
pain on eye movements
proptosis
pyrexia
redness limited to orbital socket
loss of colour vision
43
Q

investigations and treatment for orbital cellulitis?

A 
CT (if restricted muscles/optic nerve involvement)
antibiotics
abscess drainage (if required)
44
Q

common organisms in orbital cellulitis?

A 
staphlycocci
streptococci
coliforms
anaerobes
haemophilus
45
Q

what is chorioretinitis?

A

inflammation of the choroid and retina

46
Q

what virus can cause chorioretinitis?

A

CMV in AIDS

47
Q

what protozoa can cause chorioretinitis?

A

toxoplasmosis gondii

48
Q

symptoms of toxoplasmosis chorioretinitis?

A

flu like illness

cysts may form

49
Q

investigation of toxoplasmosis and toxocara?

A

serology

50
Q

what parasite causes chorioretinitis? where from?

A

toxocara canis

found in cat and dog poo

51
Q

what does the parasite form in the eye?

A

granulomas

52
Q

causes of central corneal ulcers?

A

viral
fungal
bacterial (contact lens wearers - acanthamoeba)

53
Q

causes of peripheral ulcers?

A

autoimmune

54
Q

appearance of peripheral ulcers?

A

leaches out from limbus

keratolysis

55
Q

what causes marginal ulcers?

A

hypersensitivity to staph exotoxin

56
Q

symptoms of corneal ulcers?

A 
intense pain
photophobia
lacrimation
reduced vision
circumcorneal red eye
57
Q

treatment of bacterial corneal ulcers?

A

ofloxacin drops

58
Q

treatment of viral corneal ulcers?

A

acyclovir ointmnt

59
Q

unusual causes of corneal ulcers?

A

sjogren’s

Vit A deficiency

AB 2nd Year Ophthalmology (12 decks)

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