Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Renal > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a UTI?

A

prescence of micro-organisms in the urinary tract that are causing clinical infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

compare a lower and upper UTI?

A

lower: confined to bladder
upper: ureters +/- kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a complicated UTI?

A

UTI with systemic sepsis, stones or urinary structural abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is bacteriuria?

A

presence of bacteria in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is cystitis?

A

inflammation of the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

compare the length of antibiotic courses in a complicated an uncomplicated UTI?

A

uncomplicated: short course
complicated: long course

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why can pregnancy increase risk of UTI?

A

pressure on bladder can cause incomplete emptying

stasis of urine can lead to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what group of organisms are the most common causative organisms of UTI?

A

coliforms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which organisms is the most common cause of a UTI?

A

E. coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which UTI causative organism is associated with formation of calculi?

A

proteus sp (a type of coliform)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why does proteus UTI cause calculi formation?

A

proteus produces urease which breaks down urea to ammonium

this increased urinary pH leads to salt precipitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what type of patient does Staph saphrophycticus cause UTIs in?

A

women of child bearing age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pseudomonas UTI is associated with what risk factor?

A

catheters and urinary tract instrumentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the only oral antibiotic which pseudomonas is sensitive to?

A

ciprofloxacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why should ciprofloxacin be avoided unless necessary?

A

C. dif risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 3 main symptoms/signs of a lower UTI?

A

dysuria
frequency/nocturia
haematuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what 3 main symptoms/signs of a UTI suggest upper urinary tract involvement?

A

fever
loin pain
rigors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what part of the stream do you want for a urine specimen?

A

mid-stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what kind of patients are ‘clean catch’ urine specimens obtained in?

A

children

elderly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what kind of patients are bag urine specimens obtained in?

A

babies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what kind of patients are suprapubic aspiration urine specimens obtained in?

A

babies

22
Q

compare red top and white top urine containers?

A

red top- boricon preservative container

white top- sterile universal container

23
Q

compare the time period for specimen reaching the lab in red and white top urine containers?

A

red- 24 hours

white- 2 hours

24
Q

what does boricon preservative do in a red top container?

A

prevents bacterial multiplication

25
Q

what 4 things on urine dipstick may be present in infection?

A

leukocytes
nitries
protein
blood

26
Q

compare coliforms and entercoccus sp on the presence of nitrites on urine dipstick?

A

coliforms: present
enterococcus: not present
(only gram negs convert)

27
Q

what kind of bacterial are coliforms?

A

gram neg bacilli

28
Q

why might urine microscopy be done for a suspected UTI?

A

urgent cases

29
Q

what is Kass’s criteria for UTI?

A

more than 10^5 organisms/ml- probable UTI
10^4 organisms- repeat specimen
less than 10^3 organisms- not significant

30
Q

what type of patients does the Kass criteria for UTI apply to?

A

women of child bearing age

31
Q

what antibiotics are ESBL (extended spectrum beta-lactamase) organisms resistant to?

A

all cephalosporins

almost all penicillins

32
Q

what imported food stuff do you see ESBL (extended spectrum beta-lactamase) organisms in?

A

imported chicken

33
Q

what are carbapenamase-producing enterobacteriaceae? (CPE)

A

gram negative bacilli (coliforms) that are resistant to meropenem
(ie resistant to all current antibiotics)

34
Q

what sub-continent are carbapenamase-producing enterobacteriaceae (CPE) associated with?

A

indian sub-continent

35
Q

in women, how long are antibiotic courses for an uncomplicated lower UTI?

A

3 days

36
Q

what are the 4 first line antibiotics for UTI?

A

amoxicillin (IV, PO)
trimethoprim (PO)
nitrofurantoin (PO)
gentamicin (IV)

37
Q

why is amoxicillin not a goot choice for empirical treatment of a UTI?

A

50% of E.coli strains are resistant

38
Q

what is the action of trimethoprim?

A

inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis

39
Q

what trimester must trimethoprim be avoided in and why?

A

first trimester, inhibits folic acid so can cause spina bifida

40
Q

what combination is co-trimoxazole?

A

trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole

41
Q

what serious dermatological side effect can occur with co-trimoxazole?

A

Steven- Johnson’s syndrome

42
Q

why can nitrofurantoin not be used in upper UTI?

A

because it only becomes activated in the urine

43
Q

why must gentamicin only be prescribed for 3 days?

A

because of toxicity to CN VIII (deafness and balance problems) and kidneys

44
Q

what is the empirical treatment for a female lower UTI?

A

trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin PO 3 days

45
Q

what is the empirical treatment for a uncatheterised male UTI?

A

trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin PO 7 days

46
Q

what is the empirical treatment of a complicated UTI or pyelonephritis within GP?

A

co-amoxiclav or co-trimoxazole PO 14 days

47
Q

what is the empirical treatment of a complicated UTI or pyelonephritis within hospitial?

A

amoxicillin AND gentamicin IV 3 days

then step down dguided by antibiotic sensitivities

48
Q

compare the treatment asymptomatic UTI (ie bacteraemia) in non-pregnancy and pregnant women?

A

non-pregnant: no treatment

pregnant: antibiotic treatment

49
Q

what is the empirical treatment for UTI/bacteraemia for a pregnant woman?

A

1/2 trimester: nitrofurantoin (7 days)
3 trimester: trimethoprim (7 days)

all trimesters cefalexin (7 days)

50
Q

why should pregnnat women with bacteriauria be treated with antibiotics even if asymptomatic?

A

may progress to pyelonephritis
may lead to intra-uterine growth retardation
may lead to premature labour

Renal (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions