Histology Flashcards
what 2 hormones does the kidney produce?
renin
erythropoietin
what is the function of renin?
acts to increase blood pressure through RAS system
what is the function of erythropoietin?
increases rate of RBC production
what is the name of the spaces between the minor calyces?
renal sinuses
what is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
what are the 2 main parts of the nephron?
renal corpuscle
renal tubules
what are the 2 main parts of the renal corpuscle?
glomerulus
bowmans capsule
what type of epithelium is Bowman’s capsule made from?
simple squamous epithelium
what supplies the glomerulus with blood?
afferent arteriole
what drains the glomerulus?
efferent arteriole
what are the 2 cell layers between the blood and the glomerular filtate?
capillary endothelium
podocytes
what thick layer is between the capillary endothelium of the glomerulur and the podocytes?
thick basal lamina
including basement membrane
what is the function of the scattered mesangial cells around the podocytes?
produce a connective tissue core called mesangium
act as support cells
help control flow of blood
remove debris
what type of epithleium is the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron made of?
simple cuboidal epithelium
compare the apical surface of the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule to thee distal convoluted tubule?
PCT has a very susbstantial brush border with microvilli
DCT only has a few microvilli
the proximal convoluted tubules are characteristially ‘hairy’ in appearance, what causes this?
the substantial brush border
what are the 3 distinct limbs of the loop of henle?
thin descending limb
thin ascending limb
thick ascending limb
which part of the kidney is the renal corpuscle within?
the cortex
which part of the kidney is the proximal convoluted tubule within?
the cortex
which part of the kidney is the loop of Henle within?
the medulla
what cells line the thin ascending loop of Henle?
simple squamous epithelium
what cells line the thin descending loop of Henle?
simple squamous epithelium
what cells line the thick ascending loop of Henle?
simple cuboidal epithelium
what is the name of the blood vessels which dip down from the cortex into the medulla, do a loop and then climb back up to the cortex?
vasa recta
describe the blood flow in vasa recta?
sluggish blood flow
what part of the kidney are the distal convoluted tubules found in?
the cortex
what cells line the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron?
simple cuboidal epithelium
what are medullary rays?
parallel segments of collecting ducts and tubules orientated down towards the medulla
what part of the kidney are the medullary rays found?
the cortex
which part of the nephron is responsive to ADH?
collecting ducts
what cells line the collecting ducts?
simple columnar epithelium
what are the collecting ducts sometimes referred to as?
ducts of Bellini
what is the nae of the specialised region formed where the distal convoluted tubule crosses the renal corpuscle?
juxtaglomerular apparatus
what are the 3 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
macula dense
juxtaglomerular cells
extraglomerular mesangial cells
what is the name of the extraglomerular mesangial cells which are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
lacis cells
where are the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus found?
line the specialised area of distal convoluted tubule
what is the function of the macula dense cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
sense ion concentrations
where are the juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus found?
in the wall of the afferent arteriole
what type of cells are the juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
modified smooth muscle cells
what is the function of the juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
secrete renin
what is almost all of the conducting parts of the urinary tract lined with?
transitional epithelium/ urothelium
is transitional epithelium/urothelium which lines the urinary tract simple, stratified or pseudostratified?
stratified
what are the names of the cells are the luminal surface of the conducting parts of the urinary tract?
umbrella cells
what are umbrella cells?
domed shaped cells which have a thickened impermeable membrane
line most of the conducting parts of the urinary tract
why might the transitional epithelium /urothelium of the conducting parts of the urinary tract vary in cell thickness?
due to different states of distension
as you go more distal down the ureter, what happens to the thickeness of the surrounding smooth muscle?
increases
in a female, what lines the urethra?
initially transitional epithelium/ urothelium
then changes to stratified squamous epithelium near its termination
in a male, what lines the prostatic urethra?
transitional epithelium/urothelium
in a male, what lines the membranous urethra?
stratified columnar epithelium
in a male, what lines the penile urethra?
initially stratified columnar epithelium
then changes to stratified squamous epithelium near its termination
what epithelium lines the prostate?
simple columnar secretory epithelium
