Microbiology Flashcards
What are the 3 fungus that resemble TB?
Coccidioides/histoplasma/blastomyces
What are the sizes of histo/blasto/cocci/paracocci comparing with RBCs?
HistoRBC
What forms of coccidioides are inhaled and cause problems?
Arthrospores
Do endospores released from coccidioides in the lunge contagious?
No
Erythema nodosum is caused by the fugues or the immune system? and it is seen in healthy or immunocompromised pts?
Immune system/healthy
What is coccidioides’ racial preference?
Black and filipino
Conazole is contraindicated in what population?
Pregos
Which form of histoplasma is infectious, macro or microconidia?
Microconidia
How does histoplasma survive lysosomla fusion?
Produces bicarb and raise pH—>inactivate hydrolytic enzyme
What is the classic signs of histoplasma dissemination?
Ulcerated lesion on tongue/pancytopenia
What drug do you used to treat fungal meningitis?
Fluconazole
What kind of plate should you culture fungus on?
Sabouraud’s agar
What is the infectious form of blastomyces?
Conidia
___ form of blastomyce is resistant to endo and exocytosis
Yest
Difference in clinical presentation of histo and blasto?
Blasto has skin lesions
What is the yest form of paracocci look like?
Multiple buds (captain’s wheel)
The most important predispostion for opportunistic fungal infection is?
Prolonged neutropenia
Is cryptococcus dimorphic?
No
2 ways for cryptococcus to infect
Inside macrophages or extracellularly
Cryptococcal meningitis comes with?
Skin nodules
Cryptococcus raises a strong or weak immune response?
Weak
Wide capsule in India Ink, think?
Cryptococcus
What should be examined weekly with the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis?
CSF
Is aspergillus catalase + or -?
+
Which form does aspergillus/mucor has?
Mold form only (no dimorphic)
Infectious conidia of aspergillus is transmitted through?
Airborne
Aspergilloma needs ___ to colonize the lungs?
Previous cavitary lesion left by TB/mycosis/CF
What is the only way to catch CNPA (chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis)?
Biopsy fluid in the lung
Seen CT halo sign with systemic infection, which fungus might be responsible?
Aspergillus
Which syndrome associated with aspergillus can you give oral corticosteroid?
ABPA
Is mucor usually associated with AIDs?
No
Fusarium solani shapes like?
Bananas
What is alimentary toxic aleukia?
Mycotoxicity from fusarium—>widespread bleeding/sepsis
Where does local infection of fusarium infect?
Skin (burn)/cornea/sinusitis/catheters
Which form does fusarium has?
Both yeast and mold form
What are the 3 presentation of fusarium?
Mycotoxicity/local infection/disseminated infection
High risk pt for fusarium should be kept in + or - pressure room?
+ (- is for TB pts)
Which 2 fungus has most antifungal resistance?
Candidas and fusarium
What color is the acid fast stain of M. tuberculosis?
Fuschsin color (rosy red)
Where does TB stay latent or spread to other parts of the body?
Inside naive macrophages
What cell activates infected naive macrophages and kill the intracellular TB?
Helper T cell
How does granuloma of TB formed?
CD8 cells lyse activated macrophages that can not clear its intracellular TB
Which cytokine is responsible for keeping TB in latency?
TNF alpha
What is Ghon complex?
Primary infection—>exudative lesions with hilar LAD—>TB is actively spreading—>going into the blood stream
How does infectious sputum of TB produced?
Made in the infected lungs—>swallow into the GI—>infect GI
What 2 kinds of TB presentation can be lethal to very young or old or severely immunocompromised pts? what will happen to immunocompetent pts?
Miliary TB and TB meningitis after TB spread into the blood streams/TB granuloma formation—->eventually become calcified
What are some common reactivation sites of TB?
Scrofula (Peds: caused by M. scrofulaceum)
kidney (causes infertility and GU problems with females)
GI
Pott’s disease/lungs
Major risk factors for TB?
Crowded environment/HIV or just immunocompromised/age
Can cavitary lesions form in TB infection of the lungs?
Yes
Tuberculoma indicate primary or older infection of TB?
Older infection
What is sterile pyuria and what does it indicate?
Culture for UTI got nothing/TB reactivation in kidney
What does miliary TB presents on physical exam?
papular necrotic skin lesions that can also be seen on the retina
Sputum culture is obtain via ___ for children under 6
Gastric aspirates
Is it possible for children to develop serious disease before PPD test turn +?
Yes (delayed immune response)
What test to use if you want to be specific about TB and not get false positive from vaccine?
IFN gamma release assay
Do all the other mycobacteria other than TB also stain acid fast? and do they also have cord factors?
Yes/No
What are M. kansaii and M. marinum?
Photochromogens (make pigments in light)
Kansaii—>resemble TB
Marinum—>in fresh and salt water (aquarium worker)—>cause ulcerating lesions
What is M. scrofulaceum?
Scotochromogens (make pigments in dark)
Causes scrofula in children—>reservoir in water
What is the most important factor for atypical mycobacteria infections?
HIV/immunocompromised
What are M. avium/intracellulare?
Infect severely immunocompromised pts—>causes TB like symptoms
What are the 3 atypical rapidly growing mycobaceria
M. fortuitum
M. abscessus
M. smegmatis
Can you culture M. leprae?
Nah
All the symptoms in tuberculoid leprosy is caused by CMI or bacteria?
CMI
Will lepromatous leprosy pt has a positive lepromatin PPD test?
No it will be negative (fail to raise strong CMI)
Do P. aeruginosa ferment for energy?
No, they use electron transport chain
Can you kill P. aeruginosa with detergents and disinfectants?
No, they be resisting, to antibiotics as well
What are pyocyanin and glycocalyx of P. aeruginosa?
Pyocyanin—>interfere with terminal e- transport
Glycoalyx—>antiphagocytic
They are virulence factors
What is the virulence factor responsible for the antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa?
Efflux pump
Why do we need to do both aerobic and anaerobic culture for P. aeruginosa?
To distinguish aeruginosa from other facultative aerobic
What is B. cepacia comparing with P. aeruginosa?
Less pathogenic—>not be able to infect healthy ppl (CF pneumonia—>cepacia syndrome)
Is B. cepacia has antibiotic resistance?
Yes, very
How does B. pesudomallei resemble TB?
Reactivation form lung abscess—>resemble TB
Which 2 zoonosis bacteria that causes pneumonia?
B. pseudomallei/B. mallei
Pts get C. psittaci from ___?
Birds, sick birds
The form of legionella is motile or non motile in human?
Nonmotile
Legionella prevent __ fuse with __ to survive in macrophages
Phagosome fuse with lysosome
How dose legionella survive in the environment?
Balance with amoeba in water source—>infect amoeba—>replicate—>lyse—>come out—>infect more
Main way of contracting legionella? and is it contagious?
Drink contaminated water and went into the wrong pipe/no
What is the common setting for legionella outbreak?
A lot of ppl get together (convention) at a old building with old pipe
What is the process of urine antigen test for legionella?
Coat petri dish with legionella antibodies—>pour in the urine (legionella bind to antibody)—>wash it off—>tag it with secondary antibody
Which strain of legionella is tested using urine antigen test? how to test the other strains?
LP1/use culture
How does C. burnetii travels to lungs/liver?
In macrophages
What virulence factor of C. burnetii cause it to survive in macrophages?
Acid phosphatase
Is there a vaccine for C. burnetii?
Yes
How does Mycoplasma pneumoniae transmitted?
Droplets
What virulence factor is responsible for frozen ciliary in the lung of mycoplasma pneumoniae?
CARDS exotoxins
Anemia from mycoplasma pneumoniae pt is from?
cold agglutinins
How are viral respiratory infection transmitted?
fomites or aerosol
What is 1 example of persistent viral respiratory infection?
Adenovirus
What is 1 example of systemic viral respiratory infection?
Paramyxovirus (measles and mumps)
What 2 epidemic syndrome does coronavirus causes?
SARS/MERS
What is orthomyxovirus?
Influenzavirus
What is the difference in genome structure between orthomyxo and paramyxovirus?
orthomyxo has segmented ssRNA
Where do orthomyxovirus replicate?
Nucleus
How does influenza virus cause disease?
Aerosol inoculation—>replication in respiratory tract—>release interferons alpha and beta/kill epithelial cells—>sore throat (IL 2 release produces fever)—>influenza syndrome
What are the 2 viruses that cause croup?
Parainfluenza/RSV
See polyribosyl ribitol phosphate, think?
H. influenza
Can uncapsulated strains of H influenza pathogenic?
Yes
Does the vaccination against H. influenza prevent the bacteria from colonizing the respiratory mucosa?
No, the blood will kill it when it gets into the blood
Would H. influenza survivor get some immune response for the bacteria?
Yes
When is the complication of uncapsulated H. influenza occur?
During childbirth—>pneumonia and meningitis
What’s the population that are usually the target for B pertussis?
Infant under 2
Is B. pertussis pt febrile or afebrile?
Afebrile
What are the 3 stages of B. pertussis?
Stage 1: catarrhal—>nonspecific upper respiratory symptoms (very contagious)
Stage 2: paroxysmal—>whooping cough/lots of mucus/infant turn blue
Stage 3: convalescence—>fatigue/chronic cough
Can adult get B. pertussis?
Yes, 100 day cough
How often do you need a booster for B. pertussis vaccine?
10 years
