Microbiology 2 - TB, Respiratory Infections, STIs, GI Infections, HAI, Wound, bone and joint fection, Urinary infection, CNS infection, Antimicrobials, Endocarditis Flashcards
What does PET stand for?
Positron electron tomography
What is used in PET?
Radio transparent - glucose
What % of TB pts get drug induced liver injury?
5-10%
1% life threatening - hepatic necrosis, may require liver transplant.
Patient being treated for TB comes in with severe vomiting, diagnosis?
Drug induced liver injury
How long are TB patients infectious?
Infectious until they have done 2 full weeks of Tb treatment. Can do sputum sample to check.
What should you exclude if or presents with liver abscess?
Immunodeficiency - HIV
Bowel Cancer - cancer breaks the basement membrane, makes a hole bacteria can escape from in blood —> goes to liver —> abscess
80 year old known COPD patient presents with SOB, wheeze, cough and fever. give features of organism too i.e. gram stain and shape.
Haemophilus Influenzae - most common respiratory organism in smokers
Gram negative coccobacilli
70 year old lady presents with SOB and cough productive of rusty brown sputum give features of organism too i.e. gram stain and shape.
Streptococcus pneumoniae - rusty brown sputum
Gram positive cocci (in groups of two/diplococci)
45 year old man presents to ED stating he feels very unwell with a dry cough, fever, rhinorrhea and muscle aches. Observations are within normal limits. Bloods show CRP 12, WCC 9. No past medical history. give features of organism too i.e. gram stain and shape.
Influenza virus - the flu
Virus - no shape
65 year old alcoholic presents with SOB, productive cough, haemoptysis and feeling hot and cold. give features of organism too i.e. gram stain and shape.
Klebsiella - haemoptysis (cavitating lesion)
Gram negative bacilli
Most likely respiratory organism in a smoker?
Haemophilus influenzae
Pneumonia after an illness
Usually staph aureus
Alcoholic person with bloody sputum
Klebsiella
What is an important thing to consider in COPD pneumonia?
They get atypical pneumonia
45 year old man presents to ED stating he feels “very unwell”, with a dry cough, fever, rhinorrhea and muscle aches. Observations are within normal limits. Bloods show CRP 12, WCC 9. No past medical history.
treat
Encourage oral intake and give discharge advice
influenza virus
65 year old alcoholic presents to ED with SOB, productive cough, haemoptysis and feeling hot and cold. Temp 38.5, HR 110. Inflammatory markers are raised.
IV Co-amoxiclav + clarithromycin
signs of systemic illness
Pathagnomonic for Bacterial Meningitis
Polymorphs on LP
What acronym for managing infection in COPD patients?
ABC
Antibiotics
Bronchodilators
Corticosteroids
How to manage mild and moderate - severe IECOPD?
Mild = doxycycline + inhalers + prednisolone + supportive
Mod-severe (sepsis/respiratory compromise) = IV abx + nebulisers + hydrocortisone STAT + supportive
50 year old has ben recovering well on the ward after elective bowel resection when he develops a cough. CXR shows pneumonia. Routine MRSA swabs are negative. treat
IV Tazocin (piperacillin + tazobactam)
HAI - hospital acquired pneumonia: first line in IV Tazocin
70 year old lady presents to GP with cough productive of rusty brown sputum for one week. Observations are within normal limits.
treat
PO Amoxicillin
strep pneumoniae
How do manage CAP?
Community acquired pneumonia:
classic: mild-moderate: penicillin, moderate-severe: penicillin + macrolide (co-amoxiclav + clarithromycin)
atypical: chlaemydia, mycoplasma: use protein synthesis abx: macrolide/tetracycline
hotel
legionella pneumoniae
nigerian man - which organism
Pneumocystis jirovecii
after HIV
A businesswoman has recently returned from a hotel conference with a cough and fever. Bloods show Cr 65, K+ 4.0, Na+ 129 which organism
Legionella pneumoniae
A 35 year old Nigerian man presents with a dry cough. On examination, she is cachectic and has multiple purple skin lesions on his face and torso.
Pneumocystis jirovecii
A 45 year-old keen birdkeeper presents feeling unwell for 2 weeks with fever, muscle aches, cough and SOB.
which organism?
Chlamydia psitacci
pneumonia and Bone Marrow Treatment which organism:
Aspergillius + CMV
pneumonia and Splenectomy - which organism
Encapsulated organisms - H. influenza, S. pneumonia, N. meningitidis
Poor response to abx - which pneumonia organism
TB
Joint pain and erythema multiforme (target lesion rash)
Mycoplasma pneumonia
HIV pneumonia organisms
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Cryptococcus neoformans
What are the time frames different types of meningitis develop over and which type is associated with each?
Hours - Bacterial
Days (3-7) - Viral
Weeks to Months - TB
Weeks to Months - Fungal
20 year old woman presents with sudden, severe, persistent headache, fever and neck stiffness. On examination, GCS 15/15, she is very irritable and is sitting in the dark. CT head normal. Lumbar puncture shows cloudy CSF with WCC 100, protein level is high, glucose is 1.5mmol/L. Serum glucose is 6 mmol/L.
diagnose
Bacterial meningitis
bacterial as v. sudden onset high WCC
A 40 year old man who was treated for TB in Bangladesh several years ago presents with an acute onset right flank pain radiating to the right groin. PMH: chronic back pain. On examination the abdomen is soft, he is unable to flex his right hip. Observations: T 38.6, HR 105, BP 130/80, RR 20, O2 98%. Urine dip is normal.
Spinal TB
previous TB - latent TB has activated
could be primary psoas abscess
Treatment for TB
RIPE Rifampicin Isoniazid Pyraminazine Ethambutol
all for 2 months, first 2 for 4 more.
extrapulmonary TB is given for 12 months
latent TB usually treated with only Isoniazid 6-9 months
A 50 year old man presents with a rash on the soles of his feet and palms of his hands. His only previous history is a painless ulcer on his penis that healed itself. VDRL test is positive.
diagnose and organism
Syphilis
Treponema pallidum
A 30 year old man presents with a painful ulcer on his penis. Swabs grown on chocolate agar demonstrate the responsible microbe.
diagnose and organism
Chancroid
Haemophilus ducreyi
A 21 year old man presents for a routine sexual health check with no symptoms. Urinary NAAT test reveals a positive result.
diagnose and organism
Chlamydia
most common STI in UK, also most common with no symptoms
Chlamydia trachomatis
A 40 year old man presents with a 4 day history of swollen right testis. On examination there is swelling and a tender mass palpable separate to the testis. He has also noted some blood in his semen. Temperature is 38.4
diagnose and organism
Epididymitis
Neisseria gonorrhoae
VDRL Test Positive
Syphillis
Chocolate Agar
Chancroid
most common STI uk
chlamydia
2 common presentations for gonorrhoea
asymptomatic, urethral discharge
2 common presentations for chlamydia
asymptomatic, urethral discharge
A 30 year old vegan presents with offensive smelling vaginal discharge. Microscopy reveals clue cells. Whiff test is positive.
diagnose and managment
Bacterial vaginosis
Metronidazole
A 30 year old woman presents with vulval pruritus and a thin white discharge. Microscopy reveals the presence of a flagellated protozoan.
diagnose and managment
Trichomoniasis
Metronidazole
A 30 year old woman presents with vulval pruritus and a thick white discharge she describes as “like cottage cheese”.
diagnose and managment
Candidiasis
Fluconazole + clotrimazole cream
A 30 year old woman presents with abdominal pain and vaginal discharge. Examination reveals generalised tenderness and pain on cervical motion. She does not use contraception. Pregnancy test is negative.
diagnose and managment
Pelvic inflammatory disease
IM Ceftriaxone 500mg single dose followed by oral doxycycline 100mg twice daily plus Metronidazole 400mg twice daily for 14 days
Treatment genital warts
podophyllin cream, cryotherapy
most common vulval pathology worldwide
Trichomonas vaginalis
vulval parasite
Trichomonas vaginalis
treatment for PID
IM ceftriaxone 500mg single dose, oral doxycyline 100mg BD 2/52, oral metronidazole 400mg BD 2/52
20 year old man has just returned from Thailand, he has been having non-bloody diarrhoea 5 times/day for 5 days associated with crampy abdo pain.
salmonella entiridis
20 year old man has just returned from Thailand, he has been having non-bloody diarrhoea 5 times/day for 5 days associated with crampy abdo pain.
E Coli
most common cause of Traveller’s diarrhoea
20 year old man present to the OOH GP at midnight, he woke in the night with vomiting, abdominal pain and profuse diarrhoea. He recalls reheating a Chinese takeaway a few hours prior.
Bacilius cereus
Found in rice, symptoms develop in 4-8 hours hours
Whilst camping in rural Peru, a 30 year old woman becomes unwell with a one week history of abdo pain, vomiting and bloody diarrhoea 10x day
Shigella
bloody diarrhoea + VOMITING
Whilst camping in rural Peru, a 30 year old woman becomes unwell with a one week history of abdominal pain and watery diarrhoea 10x day. The stool is described as rice-water.
Vibrio cholerae
rice water stool
A 30 year old woman presents with diarrhoea and abdo pain. She recalls attending a barbecue 3 days ago where chicken was served.
Salmonella enteritidis
non-bloody diarrhoea and chicken
gastroenteritis salmonella
A 30 year old woman presents with bloody diarrhoea and abdo pain. She recalls attending a barbecue 3 days ago where chicken was served.
Campylobacter
bloody diarrhoea and chicken
A 55 year old man on long-term antibiotics for a chronic joint infection begins to suffer with severe diarrhoea, abdominal pain and feeling unwell.
C. diff
A hospital ward has been shut due to an epidemic of diarrhoea and vomiting, leaving many patients dehydrated.
Norovirus
mobile trophozoites
Entamoeba histolytica
mnemonic for causes of bloody diarrhoea
CHES Campylobacter Haemorrhagic E coli Entamoeba histolytica Shigella Salmonella - rarely/causes non-bloody
fever, abdo pain, diarrhoea, headache, rash on torso, low heart rate, enlarged liver.
dx and rx
typhoid fever
ciprofloxacin
40 year old woman presents with diarrhoea, large amounts of offensive flatulence and abdominal pain. Stool microscopy reveals mobile trophozoites.
Entamoeba histolytica
A 60 year old renal transplant patient presents to ED with severe diarrhoea. Kinyoun acid fast stain of stool reveals oocysts.
Cryptosporidia
A 55 year old man on long-term antibiotics for a chronic joint infection begins to suffer with severe diarrhoea, abdominal pain and feeling unwell.
C. Difficile
A 30 year old has recently returned from El Salvador presenting with fever and abdominal pain. On examination splenomegaly is noted. Bloods show WCC 3.0.
Salmonella typhi