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Phase 2a > Microbiology 2 > Flashcards

Microbiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of microscopic fungi?

A

Mould and yeast

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2
Q

In which 2 ways can microscopic fungi grow?

A

As single cells (yeasts) or as multi-branched hyphae forming a filamentous mycelium (moulds)

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3
Q

What are the 3 ways to classify fungal infections?

A

Superficial (candida-> thrush) subcutaneous and deep mycoses

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4
Q

What causes thrush and how is it treated?

A

Candida albicans. Treated with a topical azole cream (clotrimazole)

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5
Q

What fungi cause ringworm?

A

Dermatophytes

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6
Q

What are the medical names for ringworm of the scalp, skin, foot and groin?

A

Tinea capitis, tinea corporis, tinea pedis and tinea cruris

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7
Q

How is ringworm treated?

A

Topical clotrimazole or terbinafine

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8
Q

Give 3 antifungals with an indication each

A

Fluconazole - vaginal candidiasis
Clotrimazole - candidiasis
Nystatin - oropharyngeal candidiasis

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9
Q

How does clotrimazole and fluconazole work?

A

They cause decreased synthesis of ergosterol, stopping cell membrane synthesis

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10
Q

What adverse effects does fluconazole cause?

A

Prolongs QT interval. hepatotoxicity, GI upset, headache

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11
Q

3 warnings of fluconazole

A

Given in caution with liver disease
Don’t give with QT prolonging drugs
Not to be given in pregnancy

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12
Q

Give 3 ways HIV is transmitted. What is the commonest way worldwide and in the U.K?

A 
Sex
Needles
Mother to child
Worldwide: heterosexual sex
UK: gay sex
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13
Q

Describe the structure of HIV

A

Outer envelope with gp120 and gp41.
Inner core with RNA, reverse transcriptase, integrase, proteases
Matrix with p17 and p24

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14
Q

Describe how HIV enters the cell

A

Gp120 binds to CD4, action of CCR5 and CXCR4 allow HIV to fuse membranes

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15
Q

How does HIV’s RNA get turned into new HIV viruses?

A

Reverse transcriptase -> RNA to DNA

Integrase -> DNA incorporated into cell

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16
Q

Describe the primary HIV infection

A

Macrophages infected, presents HIV to CD4 cells in lymph nodes. Macrophages move into the blood and spread HIV around the body. Sharp spike in viral load.

17
Q

What are 5 symptoms of HIV?

A 
Lethargy
Malaise 
Depression
Rash
Headache
18
Q

Why does the viral load continue to increase during clinical latency?

A

Because the immune system cannot produce antibodies fast enough to keep up with the rate of the antigen formation by HIV

19
Q

Give 2 areas in which HIV develops reservoirs

A

Memory cells and immune privileged areas

20
Q

What is associated with early HIV infection?

A

Rise in viral load and fall of CD4 to <350mm^3

21
Q

What are key symptoms to be aware of?

A

Recurrent infections (shingles), candidiases, oral hairy leukoplakia and upper respiratory tract infections

22
Q

Give 5 AIDS defining conditions

A 
Kaposi's sarcoma
Deep candidiases
TB
Invasive cervical carcinoma
Cytomegalovirus
23
Q

What are the 2 ways to diagnose HIV and when would you do each?

A

Antibody assay test and antigen test. Antigen assay test has a window period of 6-12 weeks after infection so if -ve but clinical suspicion, do antigen test

24
Q

How are patients monitored?

A

3 monthly CD4+ and viral load counts

25
Q

Describe the HAART treatment regime?

A

Highly active anti-retroviral therapy, 3 antiretroviral drugs which acts on different points in the HIV replication cycle to suppress the virus

26
Q

Where is 2/3 of HIV?

A

Sub-Saharan africa

27
Q

Give 5 at risk groups for HIV

A 
IVDU
MSM
Prostitutes 
Heterosexual men
Migrants
28
Q

What are the 3 stages of an HIV epidemic?

A

Nascent (<5% of high risk people infected), Concentrated (>5% of high risk people infected), generalised (>5% of general population)

29
Q

What is the most effective way of preventing HIV spread?

A

HAART

30
Q

Give 2 ways to decrease sexual transmission and 1 way to prevent IVDU transmission

A

Condoms and male circumcision, needle sharing programmes

31
Q

What is PreP and PEP?

A

PreP: pre-exposure prophylaxis. 85% reduction in transmission. PEP: post-exposure prophylaxis, HAART taken for 28 days

32
Q

Give 3 benefits of HIV testing

A

Decreased mortality, access to care, reduced accidental transmission

33
Q

What are the 3 most common worms encountered in the UK?

A

Threadworm, roundworm and taenia saginata

34
Q

Describe the symptoms of roundworm. How would you diagnose?

A

Malabsorption, vomiting, intestinal obstruction, abdominal pain. Diagnose with stool microscopy

35
Q

Describe the symptoms of threadworm. How would you diagnose?

A

Loss of appetite, weight loss and pruritic ani (itchy anus). Diagnose with Sellotape around anus and see eggs on microscopy

36
Q

Where is taenia saginata found? What symptoms does it cause and how would you diagnose?

A

Found in undercooked beef, causes abdominal pain and malabsorption. Diagnose with stool microscopy

Phase 2a (4 decks)

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