Definitions

Question 1

Inflammation

Answer 1

Local physiological response to injury

Question 2

Granuloma

Answer 2

Aggregate of epitheloid histocytes (activated macrophages resembling epithelial cells)

Question 3

Thrombus

Answer 3

A stationary blood clot along the wall of a blood vessel

Question 4

Embolism

Answer 4

A detached thrombus carried through the circulation that obstructs a smaller vessel

Question 5

Infarction

Answer 5

Reduced blood flow that leads to cell death

Question 6

Ischaemia

Answer 6

Reduced blood flow

Question 7

Apoptosis

Answer 7

Programmed cell death in a single cell

Question 8

Necrosis

Answer 8

Un-programmed cell death of a large number of cells

Question 9

Atrophy

Answer 9

Decrease in tissue size due to loss of cell size and number

Question 10

Hypertrophy

Answer 10

Increase in tissue size due to increase in size of cells

Question 11

Hyperplasia

Answer 11

Increase in tissue size due to increase in number of cells

Question 12

Dysplasia

Answer 12

Morphological changes seen in cells in progression to becoming cancer

Question 13

Metaplasia

Answer 13

Conversion of one differentiated cell into another differentiated cell

Question 14

Resolution

Answer 14

Initiating factor removed. Tissue undamaged or able to regenerate

Question 15

Repair

Answer 15

Initiating factor still present, tissue damaged and unable to regenerate

Question 16

Laminar flow

Answer 16

Cells travel in the centre of arterial vessels and don’t touch the sides

Question 17

Thrombosis

Answer 17

The formation of a solid mass from blood constituents in an intact vessel in a living person

Question 18

Thrombus

Answer 18

A solid mass of blood constituents formed within the vascular system

Question 19

Atherosclerosis

Answer 19

A disease in which plaque builds up in arteries

Question 20

Hayflick limit

Answer 20

The maximum number of cell divisions

Question 21

Carcinogens

Answer 21

Agents known or suspected to cause tumours

Question 22

Carcinogenic

Answer 22

Cancer causing

Question 23

Oncogenic

Answer 23

Tumour causing

Question 24

Neoplasm

Answer 24

A lesion resulting from the autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed

Question 25

Neoplasia

Answer 25

Autonomous, abnormal, persistent new growth

Question 26

Innate immunity

Answer 26

Instinctive, non specific, doesn’t depend on lymphocytes and is present from birth

Question 27

Adaptive immunity

Answer 27

Specific, ‘aquired/learned’ immunity, requires lymphocytes and antibodies`