Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Reproductive > Microbiology 2 > Flashcards

Microbiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Candida albicans
C. glabrata
Gardnerella vaginalis MICRO
Mobiluncus spp.

A
  • opportunistic microorganisms
  • not normally sexually transmitted
  • normally present in low and harmless numbers (intestinal flora)
  • have virulence factors that allow them to over-colonize female genital tract and cause disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Key factor in candida/BV overgrowth is?

A
  • disturbance of normal flora (esp. by gram + lactobacilli)

- other normal flora maintain low pH & make hydrogen peroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What things may alter normal bacterial flora?

A
  • antibiotics
  • sexual activity
  • douching
  • initial use of IUD
  • menstrual cycle
  • pregnancy
  • tight undergarment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A
  • causes vaginitis (trichomoniasis)
  • single cell protozoan
  • frank pathogen, not normal, sexually transmitted
  • non-gonorrheal urethritis (10%) in males
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): causative agent

A
  • NOT caused by SINGLE agent
  • combo of anaerobes normally present in GI & low #’s in vagina
  • Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus, anaerobes, mycoplasmas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Candidiasis: causative agent

A
  • candida albicans: most common

- c. glabrata (fungi not bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Trichomoniasis: causative agent

A

-trichomonas vaginalis - a protozoan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: Symptoms

A
  • abnormal vaginal discharge
  • external dysuria
  • vulvar itching/pain/irritation
  • scant, white, clumped discharge with adherent plaques
  • no fishy oder with KOH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: Inflammation?

A
  • vulvar erythema, edema, or fissure
  • erythema of vaginal epithelium,
  • introitus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: Viginal pH

A

= 4.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: Microscopy

A
  • leukocytes
  • epithelial cells
  • mycelia or pseudomycelia (50-85%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Trichomonal Vaginitis: Symptoms

A
  • profuse yellow vaginal discharge
  • extreme dysuria
  • vulvar itching
  • homogeneous or frothy discharge
  • may be FISHY with KOH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Trichomonal Vaginitis: Inflammation?

A
  • erythema of vaginal and vulvar epithelium

- colpitis macularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Trichomonal Vaginitis: pH?

A

> 4.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Trichomonal Vaginitis: Microscopy?

A
  • leukocytes

- trichomonads (50-70% of culture +)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis: Symptoms?

A
  • increased, abnromal, or malodorous vaginal discharge
  • grey or white, adherent, homogenous discharge that uniformly coats vagina
  • may be FISHY with KOH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis: Inflammation?

A

none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis: pH?

A

> 4.5

19
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis: Microscopy

A

clue cells (81-94%)

  • few leukocytes
  • lactobacilli outnumbered by mixed flora
20
Q

Cystitis is characterized by?

A
  • dysuria
  • suprapubic pain (mild)
  • leukocytes (polys) in urine
  • sig.# or bacteria in urine (>10^5)
  • insig. fever
21
Q

Pyelonephritis is characterized by?

A
  • same as cystitis plus:
  • sig. fever
  • flank/back pain ~ waist high
  • WBC & RBC casts in urine
22
Q

Cervicitis is characterized by?

A
  • dysuria
  • mucopurulent discharge (cervix)
  • maybe fever
  • maybe lower abdominal pain
  • maybe pruritis
  • inapparent, subclinical infections are common
23
Q

Transmission of BV & Candidiasis?

A
  • sexually

- generally supra-infections of normal flora

24
Q

Transmission of T. vaginalis

A
  • sexually

- may be #1 STD

25
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis: Diagnosis

A
  • foul odor (fishy: amines after KOH) WHIFF TEST
  • discharge of dirty white/grey that homogeneously coats vaginal wall
  • pH>4.5
  • clue cells (vaginal epithelial cells w/adherent bacteria in wet mounts or gram stain)
  • dysuria & vaginal discomfort typically absent
  • little or no signs of inflammation (overgrowth of stinky bugs)
26
Q

Candidiasis: Diagnosis

A
  • vaginal itching, extreme
  • discharge: patchy white clumps (cottage cheese)
  • pungent odor (not foul)
  • pH 4.5
  • yeasts & branching hyphae seen on wet mount treated with KOH
  • dysuria
27
Q

Trichomonas: Diagnosis

A
  • yellow(green), homogenous (copious/frothy) discharge
  • malodorous (whiff test +)
  • pH >4.5
  • dysuria
  • itching, punctate erythema seen by colposcopy
  • wet mount: trichomonads with twitching motility, PMNs present
28
Q

Treatment of Trichmonas

A

-oral Metronidazole

29
Q

Treatment of Candidiasis

A

-topical and oral azoles (antifungals)

30
Q

Agent of Syphilis

A
  • spirochete
  • Treponema pallidum
  • can be grown in laboratory, but in rabbit testes (the source of antigen for treponeme-specific serological tests)
31
Q

Syphilis Microbiology

A
  • helical/spiral-shaped bacterium
  • to thin to be seen by standard direct light transmission microscopy (no gram stain)
  • can be seen by darkfield microscopy: useful Dx method early in disease process before abs
  • culture plays no role in Dx
32
Q

Syphilis Immune Response

A
  • rigorous humoral & cellular response that does not eliminate infection
  • Host’s cellular immune response probably controls infection but also responsible for the pathology (esp. tertiary S)
  • unknown mech: have latent phase that can last for years
33
Q

Syphilis Untreated

A

-infection can continue for life, and latent infection can progress to tertiary stage

34
Q

Primary Syphilis

A

2-3 week incubation
symptoms resolve in 3-6 weeks
-painless ulcer (chancre) at site of entry (1-2cm)
-indurated ridges (hard chancre; compare to soft chancre)

35
Q

Secondary Syphilis

A

1 or 2 months after infection, symptoms resolve in a month or so without treatment

  • disseminated infection (bone & lymph), many tissues/organs infected
  • hyperpigmented maculopapular rash over entire body that with time extends to palms & soles
  • mucous membrane patches in mouth and genitals and sometimes on tongue “snail track lesions”
  • condylomata lata (wart) may occur in moist skin folds in perineum & anal regions
  • sick, fever, headache, diffuse lymphadenopathy (nodes are non-tender)
  • patchy baldness, thinning at eyebrow edges (alopecia), may be CNS (mild meningitis)
  • liver involvement
36
Q

Early latent syphilis

A

1-2 year period after resolution of secondary syphilis

  • no symptoms, positive serology, may be relapse to secondary syphilis
  • pregnant women may pass infection in utero
37
Q

Late latent syphilis

A

begins 1-2 years post infection, may lat a lifetime, may progress to tertiary syphilis, infection may resolve spontaneously

  • no symptoms, positive serology, may be relapse to secondary syphilis
  • not infectious (even to fetus)
38
Q

Tertiary syphilis

A
  • almost any organ-system can be affected
  • heart, CNS, skin, bone
  • progressive, inflammatory (takes years to develop)
  • endarteritis
  • few spirochetes in lesions (not infectious)
  • Gummas: characteristic skin & bone lesions
39
Q

Congenital syphilis

A
  • may or may not be symptoms at birth
  • stigmata may develop 2 yrs or more after birth
  • still birth/spon abortion
  • disseminated infection transmitted transplacentally after first trimeter via blood (no chancre
40
Q

Late congential syphilis

A

-stigmata develop over years

41
Q

Transmission of syphilis

A
  • STD

- biting or crack in skin

42
Q

Diagnosis of Syphilis

A
  1. Serology: non-treponemal serologic tests
    (Ag is not T. pallidum but beef heart)
    A. Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test
    B. Venereal Disease Research Lab (VDRL) test
    -cheap, sensitive, false positive
  2. Treponemal Tests: antigen is pathogenic T. pallidum
    A. Fluorescent Treponemal Antigen-Absorbed test (FTA-ABS)
    -titers remain months/years after pt is cured
43
Q

Treatment of Syphilis

A

-large, single IM dose of PenG

Reproductive (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions