Microbiology Flashcards
1
Q
*Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
A
2
Q
Bacteria - main structures
A
3
Q
Bacteria - accessory structures
A
4
Q
*Cell wall is rigid because… (+)
(Different from fungi and plants)
A
5
Q
Layers of cell wall (outer, inner, middle)
A
6
Q
•Peptidoglycan/Mucopeptides:
A
(Inner layer, rigid)
7
Q
•Lipopolysaccharides (+contains):
A
(Outer layer, non rigid)
8
Q
Teichoic acids types: (2)
A
9
Q
Lipoproteins:
A
10
Q
*Functions of bacteria cell wall:
A
11
Q
*Chemical structure of bacteria cell wall:
A
12
Q
•Bacteria cytoplasm membrane:
A
- AKA ‘osmotic barrier’
- non rigid
-semi permeable - (cell can/cannot survive?)
13
Q
**Functions of bacteria cytoplasmic membrane:
A
14
Q
•Bacteria Cytoplasm
A
- granular structure, contains nuclear material (associated with life cycle of cell)
- Granules (60% RNA, 40% proteins)
15
Q
What is responsible for protein synthesis?
A
Ribosomes
+ also production of enzymes involved in cell metabolism
16
Q
(Cytoplasm) Volutin granules:
A
- food and energy storage
- Larger granules
17
Q
(Cytoplasm) Nuclear materials:
A
- chromatin bodies (made of DNA)
- has coded info fro protein synthesis
18
Q
•Mesosomes:
A
Invaginations of cytoplasmic membrane bound/connected to the membrane
19
Q
•Pili/Fimbriae
A
- external hair like structures on bacteria cell
- mostly seen in Gram Negative
20
Q
Functions of Fimbriae/pili:
A
-adhesion of bacteria to surfaces
-adhesion to red cells (hemagglutination)
*- Is first step to Pathogenicity
21
Q
•Capsule
A
- Is Hydrophilic gel like structure
- not essential to bacteria life
- thicker but less dense than cell wall
22
Q
Functions of Capsule:
A
-Protection against Phagocytosis (cell eating)
-responsible for ‘mucoid colonies’
-can help in adherence
23
Q
•Flagella
A
- external thread like structure on bacteria cell
- arise from cytoplasmic membrane
(Inner ring: rotates)
(Outer ring: minimize friction & leakage)
24
Q
*Types of Flagella:
A
25
•Bacterial Spore
- are structures formed at a vegetative state
-they are resistant to heat, dehydration, or chemical disinfection
Non-sporing cell = Vegetative
26
Structures of Bacterial Spores:
- Outer Coat (roughly 2-4 layers)
- Cortex (in the centre)
- Spore Wall (within Cortex)
- Spore Core (within Spore Wall, has DNA)
27
Shape & Position of Spore:
Shape:
- Round
- Oval
- Cylindrical
Position:
- Central
- Terminal
- Subterminal
28
Gram Positive (cell wall)
29
Gram Negative (cell wall)
30
Bacteria classification by Morphology/Shape
1. Coccus/Spherical
2. Rods
3. Filamentous
4. Spiral
31
Bacteria Coccus/Spherical types:
(+ examples)
32
Bacteria Rods types:
(+ examples)
• Straight rods ex. Bacilli
• Curved rods ex. Vibrio
33
Bacteria Filamentous types:
• Actinomyces
34
Bacteria Spiral types:
• Spirillum
• Spirochaetes
35
Bacteria classification by Temperature:
• Thermophilic: 45° - 80°, Best at 50°
• Mesophilic:
36
Which bacteria temp. is Pathogenic
Mesophilic bacteria (37°) is pathogenic because its at the human body temp.
(Pathogenic- bacteria that cause disease)
37
*Plasmolysis DEF
38
*Plasmoptysis DEF
39
Carbohydrates metabolism AKA
Fermentation
40
* End products of carbohydrates metabolism: (3)
-
41
* End product of Protein metabolism…
Tissue damage
42
* End product of Amino acids metabolism…
Can be helpful in identification of bacteria
43
[Metabolism] Amino acids are produced by…
‘Proteolytic enzymes’
44
* End product of nucleic acids
The liquefaction of ‘Purulent exudates’
(By enzymes DNase & RNase)
45
Genetics DEF
46
Which plasmid type is involved in pathogenicity?
Vi (incomplete)
47
Types of Plasmid:
48
Chromosomal elements: (2)
49
Non chromosomal elements: (2)
50
DNA DEF:
51
RNA DEF
52
Plasmid DEF
53
Types of RNA:
54
Types of Transposable elements:
55
Phenotypic bacterial Variation..
56
Genotypic bacterial Variation..
57
Types of Genotypic variations:
58
Mutation DEF + types:
59
Classification of Mutation + DEF: (2)
1) Spontaneous mutations: happen in the absence of a know mutagen (during DNA replication)
2) Induced mutations: AKA mutagens, are agents in environment that causes mutations
60
Types of Induced mutations:
- Light energy
-Chemical energy
61
Gene transfer DEF + types:
62
Transformation DEF
Recipient cell takes up a fragment of Free DNA, from surrounding medium
63
Conjunction DEF
Cell-to-Cell contact where DNA is transferred, by sex pili
64
Transduction DEF
Transfer of fragments of DNA, by ‘bacterial viruses’
65
Pathogenicity DEF
+ has the ability to transfer from one host to another
66
Infectivity DEF
67
Infectiousness DEF
68
Virulence DEF
69
Toxicity DEF
70
Sources of infections: (3)
- human sources
- animal sources
- inanimate sources
71
Virulence Factors: (3)
- Adherence
- Invasiveness
- Toxins
72
Ways of human sources (infection): (5)
- individuals own organisms
- patients incubating a disease
- +
73
Infection Transmission DEF
74
Horizontal transmission types: (2)
75
Direct transmissions
76
Indirect transmissions: (2)
77
Vertical infection transmission
78
79
Tissue Tropism DEF
Normal flora exhibit a tissue preference for colonization
80
Normal flora roles: (3)
1. Beneficial role (protection) -stimulate immune system of host
2. Harmful role (cause disease) -deficiency of immune system
3. Non beneficial & non harmful
81
Normal flora DEF
82
Carrier state DEF
83
Colonization DEF
84
Sterilization vs. Disinfection DEF
85
Sepsis vs Asepsis DEF
86
Disinfectant DEF
Cannot be applied externally or internally, causes tissue damage
(Ex. Protoplasmic poisons & bleach)
87
Antiseptic DEF
Applied externally to tissue
(Ex. Rubbing alcohol)
88
Antimicrobial DEF
AKA antibiotic
Low toxicity, can go internally. Cures microbial disease
89
Sanitization DEF
90
Bacteriocidal DEF
Killing bacteria
91
Bacteriostatic DEF
Inhibits bacteria
92
Types of disinfectant agents: (
93
Oxidizing agents:
94
Halogen compounds:
95
Alcohols:
96
What has no antibacterial activity?
Absolute alcohol (100%)
97
What is the most effective bactericidal concentration?
70% methylated spirits in water
98
99
