microbiology Flashcards
1
Q
how do you identify streptococci
A
chains
2
Q
how do you identify staphlycocci
A
clusters
3
Q
how do you differentiate between streptococci
A
haemolysis
4
Q
what are the 3 types of haemolysis
A
alphabetanon-haemolysis
5
Q
what does alpha haemolysis show
A
partial haemolysis (appears greensih)
6
Q
examples of an alpha haemolysis organism
A
streptococcus pneumoniae| streptococcus viridans
7
Q
what is significant about strep. pneumoniae
A
most common CAP
8
Q
what does strep. viridans cause
A
endocarditis
9
Q
what does beta haemolysis show
A
complete haemolysis (appears golden)
10
Q
examples of b-haemolysis organisms
A
group A step.| group B strep.
11
Q
what does gamma haemolysis show
A
no haemolysis (appears clear)
12
Q
example of non-haemolytic organism
A
enterococcus
13
Q
what does enterococcus cause
A
gut commensal| cause UTI if in urinary tract
14
Q
how do you differentiate staphylcoccus
A
coagulase test
15
Q
what are coagulase+ organisms
A
staph. Aureus
16
Q
what does staph aureus cause
A
soft tissue + skin infections
17
Q
what are coagulase- organisms
A
staph. epidermis
18
Q
what does staph. epidermis cause
A
part of normal skin flora can cause infections from implantation of medical devices
19
Q
what is MRSA
A
methicillin-resistant staphlococcus aureusvery antimicrobial resistant
20
Q
how do you treat MRSA
A
oral doxycyclin, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole
21
Q
what is C. difficile
A
anaerobic bacilli
22
Q
what does c. difficile cause
A
antibiotic associated colitis
23
Q
how do you treat c. difficile
A
vancomycin
24
Q
what causes c. difficile
A
when you take antibiotics for 1 week+spreads when surfaces/ objects are contaminated with feces with someone who has C. difficile
25
what is legionella
aerobic bacilli| found in droplets of water which you breathe in
26
how do you treat legionella
levofloxacin, clarithromycin
27
what does legionella cause
serious type of pneumonia
28
what is pseudomonas aeruginosa
aerobic bacili| found in soil + ground water
29
what does pseudomonas aeruginosa cause
infections in the blood, lungs
30
how do you treat pseudomonas aeruhinosa
gentamicin
31
what is neisseria gonnorrhoeae
aerobic (in air) diplococci| spread via sexual contact
32
how do you treat nersseria gonorrhoeae
ceftriaxone + zithromax
33
what is neisseria meningitidis
aerobic (in air) diplococcispreads via coughinglives in nose+throat
34
how do you treat neisseria meningitidis
penicilin, co-amoxiclav, rifampicin
35
what is bordetella pertussis
whooping cough| aerobic (in air) small bacilli
36
what is haemophilus influenzae
common cause of pneumonia in COPD patients
37
how do you treat haemophilus influenzae
amoxicillinco-amixiclavrifampicin
38
what are gut pathogens
salmonellashigellaE. coli O157
39
what is salmonella
rod-shaped bacteria| comes from eating raw/ undercooked meat, poultry, eggs
40
how do you treat salmonella
normally un-treated| fluids if dehydrated
41
what is shigella
rod shaped bacteriafound in the feces of comtaminated people, or food/ water/ surafces which is contaminated
42
what is E. coli O57
bacilli| causes intestinal infections
43
how is E coli. O157 spread
raw + undercooked meats| unpasturised milk
44
what are gut commensals
microorganisms which live in the digestive tract
45
examples of gut commensals
E. coli| Klebsiella sp.
46
what is klebsiella pneumoniae
normally lives in intestine but can cause pneumonia if inside lungshospital aqquired pneumonia
47
what are the signs of klebsiella pneumonia
red currant jelly sputum
48
what is campylobacter sp.
bacilli caused by raw/ undercooked poultry
49
what does camplyobacter cause
food poising
50
what is the the treatment for campylobacter
azithromycin therapy
51
what is h. pylori
bacilli| causes peptic ulcers
52
what kind of necrosis does TB undergo
caseating
53
how do you identify TB
Ziehl-neelsen staining (fast acid bacilli)
54
how do you treat TB
RIPE (for 2 months)RifampicinisoniazidpyrazinamideethambutolRI (for 4 months)Rifampicinisoniazid
55
side effects of Rifampicin
orange tears, sweat, urine
56
side effects of isoniazid
peripheral neuropathy, hepatitis
57
side effects of pyrazinamide
gout, arthralgia (joint stiffness)
58
side effects of ethambutol
optic neuritis (colour vision deteriorates)
59
what causes cholera
vibrio choleraeunclean water/ poor sanitation
60
symptoms of cholera
sudden wattery diarrhoeaabdominal crampsnausea/ vomitting
61
treatment of cholera
fluid replacementdoxycycline or co-trimoxazole
62
what is clostridium difficile
gram +causes pseudomembranous colitis
63
what causes c. difficile
patients who have recently been treated with antibiotics
64
what antibiotics are a risk factor for C. difficile
clindamycinciprofloxacincephalosporinspenicillins
65
symptoms of c. difficile
```watter diarrhoea (can be bloody)prain abdominal crampsnauseadehydrationfever```
66
what is 1st line treatment for c. difficile
vancomycin
67
2nd line treatmnt of c. difficile
fidamomicin
68
what causes gastroenteritis
staphlycoccus aureus (found in cooked meat + cream)camplyobactere. coli + e. coli 0157salmonella (uncooked poultry)shigella
69
symptoms of gastroenteritis
diarrhoea + vomiting| common stomach bug
70
treatment for gastroenteritis
usually managed with fluid replacment if severe then antibiotics
71
what antibiotics are used for salmonella + shigellla
ciprofloxacin
72
what antibiotics is campylobacter treated with
erythromycin
73
what is giardiasis
type of gastroenteritis caused by giardia lambila
74
how is giardiasis spread
faecal-oralroute| contaminated water, uncooked fruit/veg, lack of hand hygiene
75
symptoms of giardiasis
explosive, watery, non-bloody diarrhoae
76
treatment of giardiasis
metronidazole
77
what is h. pylori
gram - bacteria most common cause of duodenal ulcers
78
how to test for h. pylori
endoscopyrapid urease test on biopsy
79
what do you have to rule of before h. pylori
no antibiotics for 4 weeks prior to endoscopyno PPI for 2 weeks prior to endoscopy
80
treatment of h. pylori
amoxicillin (metronidazole if penacillin allergic)clarithromycinPPI
81
what is typhoid fever
bacterial infection of salmonella typhi
82
how is typhoid spread
eating or drinking food/ water contamined wih faeces of infected salmonella typhi
83
sypmtoms of typohid
fatigueabdominal painconstipationheadaches
84
treatment of typhoid
fluroquinolones
85
what is a gram negative cell wall comprised of
2 phospholipids bilayers + a thin layer of peptidoglycan
86
what is a gram + cell wall comprised of
thick layer of perptidoglycan + a single phospholipids bilayer
87
what are viruses comprised of
contain dna or rnaprotein coatsometimes envoloped
88
what produced exotoxin
gram + bacteria
89
what produces endotoxin
gram- bacteria
90
what does strep viridans cause
endocarditis
91
what is the antibiotic of choice for staph aureus
flucoxacillin
92
what does the hypothalomus stimulate the production of
prostaglandin E
93
what is the 1st line treatment for anaerobes
metronidazole
94
what are anerobic baciilli
bacteriodes
95
what is the first line antibiotics for gut pathogens (shigella+salmonella+E coli)
gentamicin
96
what is the mode of action of penicillins
inhibit the cell wall synthesis --> preventing cross-linking of peptidoglycan subunits bectericidal(beta-lactam antibiotic)
97
what is an example of cephlasporins
ceftriaxone
98
what is the mode of action for cephalosporins
inhibit cell wall synthesis| bactericidal
99
what is an examples of glycopeptides
vancomycin
100
what is the mode of action of glycopeptides
cell wall active antibiotics--> bid to the end of the growing chain and prevents cross-linking, weakend bacterial cell wallbactericidal
101
what can glycopeptides only be used on
gram + organisms
102
what are examples of macrolides
Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin
103
what is the mode of action of macrolides
bacteriostatic lipophillic + pass through cell membrane easily --> attach to ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis
104
what is an examples of a tetracycline
doxycycline
105
what is the mode of action of tetracyclines
inhibit protein synthesis by attaching to ribosomes
106
what is an examples of aminoglycosides
getamicin
107
what is the mode of action of aminoglycosides
bactericidalinhibit protein synthesis by attaching to ribosomes
108
what is gentamicin normally used for
gram - aerobic organismseg. coliform, pseudomoas aeruginosa
109
what should you treat camplobacter with
azirthromycin
110
what is the mode of action of metronidazole
inhibits protein synthesis by causing strand breakage of bacterial DNAbactericidaltreat anaerobic infections
111
what are exmaples of fluroquinolones
ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin
112
what is the mode of action of fluroquinolones
prevent supercoiling of bacterial DNA by inhibitng 2 enzymes involved in DNA synthesisbactericidal
113
what treat typhoid
floroquinolones
114
what 4 c's causes c. diff
cephlasporinsclindamycinco-amoxicillinciprofloxacin
115
what is the most common cause in IE
staph. aureus
116
what bacteria is the most common cause of sub-acute OE especially in dental work + rheumatic fever
streptococci viridans
117
what cause of IE is most common in prosthetic valves
staph. epidermis
118
how do you treat staph aureus induced IE
IV flocloxacillin
119
how do you treat strep. viridans caused IE
benzylpenicillin + gentamicin IV
120
how do you treat staph. epidermis caused IE
vancomycim + gentamicin IV, and rifampicin PO on day 3-5
121
what to treat staph. aureus pneumonia
flucoxacillin
122
what to treat staph. epidermis pneumonia
vancomycin
123
what to treat strep, pyrogenes pneumonia
doxycycline
124
what to treat gram- causes of pneumonia (haemophilius influenza)
clindamycin
125
what to treat anaerobes pneumonia
metronidazole
126
most cmmon cause of pneumonia in COPD patients
haempohillus influenza
127
most cmmon cause of pneumonia in CAP
strep. pneumonia
128
most cmmon cause of pneumonia in intravenous drug users
staph aureus
129
most cmmon cause of pneumonia in farming
coxiella burneti
130
most cmmon cause of pneumonia in birds
chlamydia psittaci
131
most cmmon cause of pneumonia in aspiration
klebsiella
132
most cmmon cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised
pneumocytis jiroveci
133
treatment for CAP curb score 0-2
amoxicillin (doxycycline is pen allergic)
134
treatment for CAP curb score 3-5
co-amixoclav + doxycycline (levofloxacin if Pen allergic)
135
treatment for CAP is in ICU
co-amoxiclav + clarithromycin (levofloxacin in pen allergic)
136
treatment for HAP if non-severe
po amoxicillin (doxycycline if pen allergic)
137
treatment for HAP if severe
iV amoxicillin + gentamicin (doxycycline if pen allergic)
138
treatment for aspiration if non-severe
po amoxicillin + metronidazole (doxycycline if pen allergic)
139
treatment for aspiration if severe
IV amoxicillin + gentamicin + metronidazole (doxycycline if pen allergic)
140
treatment for legionella pneumonia
clarithromycin or levofloxacin
